Range of motion (ROM) to improve foot sensitivity in patient with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by persistently high blood glucose (blood sugar) levels, which can lead to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves over time. Several factors can contribute to the development of diabetic foot ulcers, including limited joint mobility, muscle weakness, poor balance, and changes in posture and gait. Individually or collectively, these issues can cause abnormal pressure distribution on the soles of the feet. Foot sensitivity disorders are a common complication in type 2 diabetes patients, often associated with diabetic neuropathy. This nerve disorder primarily affects the distal parts of the body, typically the feet, leading to symptoms such as tingling, pain, and even numbness. One beneficial physical exercise for type 2 diabetes patients involves active range of motion (ROM) exercises for the feet, combined with general foot exercises. This regimen helps improve nerve function, promote blood circulation, enhance protective sensation, improve Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) values, and minimize the symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy. Ultimately, these exercises are crucial in preventing foot ulcer complications. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of combining ROM and diabetic foot exercises to improve foot sensitivity in patients with diabetes mellitus. The nursing care provided focused on applying combined ROM therapy and diabetic foot exercises to enhance foot sensitivity in Mrs. S, a 75-year-old woman with DM. Her primary complaint was persistent pain in both legs for approximately three years, making it difficult for her to walk normally, along with frequent tingling sensations. Examination revealed swollen legs, inelastic skin turgor, a blood glucose level (GDS) of 225 mg/dL, and cold extremities (acral coldness). A combination of ROM therapy and diabetic foot exercises was provided as education to encourage regular exercise. This was administered to Mrs. S once daily over three days. Following this implementation, the patient reported significantly less frequent tingling and felt more comfortable when walking.

Keywords: Diabetes, foot sensitivity, nursing care, prevention, Range of Motion