Automotive Experiences

Articles

Two Decades of Biodiesel Research from Waste Cooking Oil: A Bibliometric and Literature Review of Heterogeneous Catalysts

Suherman Suherman , Muharnif Muharnif , Ilmi Abdullah , Arridina Susan Silitonga , Marnida Yusfiani , Wan Azmi Wan Hamzah

Published
December 14, 2025

Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Pages 573-598

DOI

Open Access
Share

Abstract

Waste cooking oil (WCO) represents an abundant yet underutilised feedstock for biodiesel production, constrained primarily by challenges related to catalyst performance and recyclability. Conventional homogeneous catalysts, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), often suffer from deactivation after several reuse cycles due to leaching and sensitivity to impurities. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysts, including calcium oxide (CaO) and biomass-derived materials, offer promising, reusable, and environmentally benign alternatives for WCO-based biodiesel synthesis. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric and literature review examining global research trends in biodiesel production from WCO using heterogeneous catalysts. As environmental concerns and fossil fuel depletion intensify, biodiesel has gained increasing attention as a sustainable and renewable energy substitute. A total of 974 publications indexed in the Scopus database between 2006 and June 2024 were systematically analysed to identify key research trends, influential authors, geographical distribution, and thematic clusters. Data retrieved from the Scopus database were exported in RIS format and subsequently processed using VOSviewer for bibliometric visualisation. Keyword analysis revealed dominant clusters around “WCO biodiesel” and “heterogeneous catalysts”, encompassing research topics such as transesterification, oxidation stability, performance optimisation, and corrosion behaviour. The bibliometric mapping highlights strong interconnections among research themes, particularly those associated with catalysts, transesterification mechanisms, engine performance, and emission reduction. The literature review further evaluates various types of heterogeneous catalysts including CaO, biochar, and metal- and biomass-based catalysts focusing on their synthesis routes, physicochemical properties, and optimal operating conditions. Research productivity on WCO biodiesel peaked during 2020”“2021 but declined after 2022, suggesting research saturation or shifting interest toward emerging renewable technologies. Co-country analysis identified India and Malaysia as leading contributors, while Tabatabaei et al. and Bae et al. were the most prolific authors. This study offers a holistic overview of research progress and future directions, providing valuable insights for advancing cleaner, more efficient, and sustainable biodiesel production technologies.

Keywords

Biodiesel; Bibliometric; Heterogen catalyst; SLR; VosViewer; WCO

References

  1. Z. Mansoorsamaei, D. Mowla, F. Esmaeilzadeh, and K. Dashtian, “Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using banana peel biochar-Fe2O3/Fe2K6O5 magnetic catalyst,†Fuel, vol. 357, p. 129821, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129821.
  2. A. N. Amenaghawon, K. Obahiagbon, V. Isesele, and F. Usman, “Optimized biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a functionalized bio-based heterogeneous catalyst,†Clean. Eng. Technol., vol. 8, p. 100501, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2022.100501.
  3. B. Dharmalingam et al., “Comparison of neural network and response surface methodology techniques on optimization of biodiesel production from mixed waste cooking oil using heterogeneous biocatalyst,†Fuel, vol. 340, p. 127503, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127503.
  4. Darwin, M. Thifal, M. Alwi, Z. Murizal, A. Pratama, and M. Rizal, “The synthesis of biodiesel from palm oil and waste cooking oil via electrolysis by various electrodes,†Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., vol. 8, p. 100512, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100512.
  5. J.-M. Jung, S.-R. Lee, J. Lee, T. Lee, D. C. W. Tsang, and E. E. Kwon, “Biodiesel synthesis using chicken manure biochar and waste cooking oil,†Bioresour. Technol., vol. 244, pp. 810–815, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.044.
  6. S. Xia et al., “Application of waste derived magnetic acid-base bifunctional CoFe/biochar/CaO as an efficient catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil,†Chemosphere, vol. 350, p. 141104, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141104.
  7. M. R. AbuKhadra, M. G. Basyouny, A. M. El-Sherbeeny, M. A. El-Meligy, and A. E. E. Abd Elgawad, “Transesterification of commercial waste cooking oil into biodiesel over innovative alkali trapped zeolite nanocomposite as green and environmental catalysts,†Sustain. Chem. Pharm., vol. 17, p. 100289, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.scp.2020.100289.
  8. Suherman, Ilmi, M. Sabri, E. F. Ginting, and J. J. Silalahi, “Biodiesel production of WCO-neem oil and mixed using pilot plant scale with ultrasound and overhead stirred and characteristic of emissions in fire tube boiler,†Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., vol. 11, p. 101029, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101029.
  9. M. Zoghi and M. Saidi, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by application of perovskite structure catalyst: Experimental and theoretical evaluation of strontium stannate catalyst activity,†Fuel, vol. 357, p. 129713, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129713.
  10. K. Cholapandian, B. Gurunathan, and N. Rajendran, “Investigation of CaO nanocatalyst synthesized from Acalypha indica leaves and its application in biodiesel production using waste cooking oil,†Fuel, vol. 312, p. 122958, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122958.
  11. V. Sharma, A. Kalam Hossain, A. Ahmed, and A. Rezk, “Study on using graphene and graphite nanoparticles as fuel additives in waste cooking oil biodiesel,†Fuel, vol. 328, p. 125270, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125270.
  12. S. Suherman, I. Abdullah, M. Sabri, and A. S. Silitonga, “Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties Composite Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil and Schleichera oleosa Oil,†Energies, vol. 16, no. 15, p. 5771, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/en16155771.
  13. A. O. Etim and P. Musonge, “Process analysis and optimization of biocompatible diesel production from blended vegetable oils using KOH-impregnated eggshells derived CaO catalyst,†Green Technol. Sustain., vol. 4, no. 1, p. 100262, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.grets.2025.100262.
  14. W. R. Singh and H. N. Singh, “CCD-RSM optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using Angulyagra oxytropis and Bellamya crassa snail shell-based heterogeneous catalysts,†Fuel, vol. 378, p. 132953, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132953.
  15. A. R. Gupta and V. K. Rathod, “Waste cooking oil and waste chicken eggshells derived solid base catalyst for the biodiesel production: Optimization and kinetics,†Waste Manag., vol. 79, pp. 169–178, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.022.
  16. W. M. Kedir, K. T. Wondimu, and G. S. Weldegrum, “Optimization and characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using modified CaO catalyst derived from snail shell,†Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 5, p. e16475, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16475.
  17. P. J. Ahranjani, S. F. Saei, G. A. El-Hiti, K. K. Yadav, J. Cho, and S. Rezania, “Magnetic carbon nanotubes doped cadmium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel from waste cooking oil,†Chem. Eng. Res. Des., vol. 201, pp. 176–184, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.11.059.
  18. C. T. Alves et al., “Transesterification of Waste Frying Oils Using ZnAl2O4 as Heterogeneous Catalyst,†Procedia Eng., vol. 42, pp. 1928–1945, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.589.
  19. OECD-FAO, “OECD-FAO. "OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030,†2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-2021-2030_19428846-en.html
  20. A. S. Yusuff and J. O. Owolabi, “Synthesis and characterization of alumina supported coconut chaff catalyst for biodiesel production from waste frying oil,†South African J. Chem. Eng., vol. 30, pp. 42–49, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.sajce.2019.09.001.
  21. O. Sahu, “Characterisation and utilization of heterogeneous catalyst from waste rice-straw for biodiesel conversion,†Fuel, vol. 287, p. 119543, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119543.
  22. R. F. Abdullah, U. Rashid, B. Hazmi, M. L. Ibrahim, T. Tsubota, and F. A. Alharthi, “Potential heterogeneous nano-catalyst via integrating hydrothermal carbonization for biodiesel production using waste cooking oil,†Chemosphere, vol. 286, p. 131913, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131913.
  23. C. Chen et al., “Sustainability and challenges in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An advanced bibliometric analysis,†Energy Reports, vol. 7, pp. 4022–4034, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.084.
  24. A. Alagumalai and H. Song, “Exploring the landscape of machine learning-aided research in biofuels and biodiesel: A bibliometric analysis,†Green Energy Resour., vol. 2, no. 3, p. 100089, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100089.
  25. P. Andreo-Martínez, V. M. Ortiz-Martínez, N. García-Martínez, A. P. de los Ríos, F. J. Hernández-Fernández, and J. Quesada-Medina, “Production of biodiesel under supercritical conditions: State of the art and bibliometric analysis,†Appl. Energy, vol. 264, p. 114753, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114753.
  26. A. I. Osman et al., “Bioethanol and biodiesel: Bibliometric mapping, policies and future needs,†Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 152, p. 111677, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111677.
  27. F. L. C. Almeida, M. P. J. Castro, B. M. Travália, and M. B. S. Forte, “Trends in lipase immobilization: Bibliometric review and patent analysis,†Process Biochem., vol. 110, pp. 37–51, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.07.005.
  28. L. da S. Dutra et al., “How the biodiesel from immobilized enzymes production is going on: An advanced bibliometric evaluation of global research,†Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 153, p. 111765, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111765.
  29. W. Nabgan et al., “Sustainable biodiesel generation through catalytic transesterification of waste sources: a literature review and bibliometric survey,†RSC Adv., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1604–1627, 2022, doi: 10.1039/D1RA07338A.
  30. A. E. Arista, G. M. D. Putra, N. V. Adiaksa, D. E. C. Jaya, and H. S. Kusuma, “Bibliometric analysis and visualization for revealing publication trends research mapping of solid acid catalyst for biodiesel and biofuel production based on VOSviewer,†Sci. Talks, vol. 9, p. 100295, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2024.100295.
  31. G. G. Kombe, “Exploring the landscape of ultrasonic transesterification: Unveiling priority research areas through bibliometric insights,†Energy Convers. Manag. X, vol. 23, p. 100586, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100586.
  32. H. S. Kusuma et al., “Unlocking the potential of agricultural waste as biochar for sustainable biodiesel production: A comprehensive review,†Bioresour. Technol. Reports, vol. 26, p. 101848, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101848.
  33. L. D. A. Purba, H. Susanti, R. Admirasari, S. Praharyawan, Taufikurahman, and K. Iwamoto, “Bibliometric insights into microalgae cultivation in wastewater: Trends and future prospects for biolipid production and environmental sustainability,†J. Environ. Manage., vol. 352, p. 120104, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120104.
  34. A. S. A. Hamed, M. S. Yahya, N. A. A. Latiff, N. I. F. M. Yusof, and N. F. Munajat, “Thermochemical conversion of oil palm biomass and its applications: A bibliometric exploration of global trends over two decades,†J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol. 181, p. 106568, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106568.
  35. M. Zahoor, S. Nizamuddin, S. Madapusi, and F. Giustozzi, “Sustainable asphalt rejuvenation using waste cooking oil: A comprehensive review,†J. Clean. Prod., vol. 278, p. 123304, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123304.
  36. S. Joshi, P. R. Gogate, P. F. Moreira, and R. Giudici, “Intensification of biodiesel production from soybean oil and waste cooking oil in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst using high speed homogenizer,†Ultrason. Sonochem., vol. 39, pp. 645–653, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.05.029.
  37. N. Petchsoongsakul, K. Ngaosuwan, W. Kiatkittipong, D. Wongsawaeng, and S. Assabumrungrat, “Different water removal methods for facilitating biodiesel production from low-cost waste cooking oil containing high water content in hybridized reactive distillation,†Renew. Energy, vol. 162, pp. 1906–1918, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.115.
  38. I. G. Vidigal et al., “Applications of an electronic nose in the prediction of oxidative stability of stored biodiesel derived from soybean and waste cooking oil,†Fuel, vol. 284, p. 119024, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119024.
  39. A. A. Refaat, “Different techniques for the production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil,†Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 183–213, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1007/BF03326130.
  40. E. O. Ajala, M. A. Ajala, I. K. Ayinla, A. D. Sonusi, and S. E. Fanodun, “Nano-synthesis of solid acid catalysts from waste-iron-filling for biodiesel production using high free fatty acid waste cooking oil,†Sci. Rep., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 13256, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70025-x.
  41. A. Abu-Jrai, J. A. Yamin, A. H. Al-Muhtaseb, and M. A. Hararah, “Combustion characteristics and engine emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and treated waste cooking oil blends,†Chem. Eng. J., vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 129–136, Aug. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.078.
  42. V. M. e Melo, G. F. Ferreira, and L. V. Fregolente, “Sustainable catalysts for biodiesel production: The potential of CaO supported on sugarcane bagasse biochar,†Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 189, p. 114042, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114042.
  43. M. Gohain et al., “Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: A source of heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from yeast single cell oil and waste cooking oil,†Renew. Energy, vol. 160, pp. 220–230, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.063.
  44. A. H. Al-Muhtaseb et al., “Facile technique towards clean fuel production by upgrading waste cooking oil in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst,†J. King Saud Univ. - Sci., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 3410–3416, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2020.10.001.
  45. J. Gardy et al., “A magnetically separable SO4/Fe-Al-TiO2 solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil,†Appl. Catal. B Environ., vol. 234, pp. 268–278, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.046.
  46. B. Gurunathan and A. Ravi, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using copper doped zinc oxide nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst,†Bioresour. Technol., vol. 188, pp. 124–127, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.012.
  47. Y. Ma, Q. Wang, X. Sun, C. Wu, and Z. Gao, “Kinetics studies of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using FeCl3-modified resin as heterogeneous catalyst,†Renew. Energy, vol. 107, pp. 522–530, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.02.007.
  48. N. Y. Yahya, N. Ngadi, M. Jusoh, and N. A. A. Halim, “Characterization and parametric study of mesoporous calcium titanate catalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 129, pp. 275–283, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.10.037.
  49. T. Roy, S. Sahani, D. Madhu, and Y. Chandra Sharma, “A clean approach of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by using single phase BaSnO3 as solid base catalyst: Mechanism, kinetics & E-study,†J. Clean. Prod., vol. 265, p. 121440, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121440.
  50. M. Mohadesi, B. Aghel, M. Maleki, and A. Ansari, “The use of KOH/Clinoptilolite catalyst in pilot of microreactor for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil,†Fuel, vol. 263, p. 116659, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116659.
  51. M. Kuniyil et al., “Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using ZnCuO/N-doped graphene nanocomposite as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst,†Arab. J. Chem., vol. 14, no. 3, p. 102982, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102982.
  52. N. F. Sulaiman et al., “Biodiesel production from refined used cooking oil using co-metal oxide catalyzed transesterification,†Renew. Energy, vol. 153, pp. 1–11, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.01.158.
  53. A. Bayat, M. Baghdadi, and G. N. Bidhendi, “Tailored magnetic nano-alumina as an efficient catalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil: Optimization of biodiesel production using response surface methodology,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 177, pp. 395–405, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.086.
  54. T. A. Degfie, T. T. Mamo, and Y. S. Mekonnen, “Optimized Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) using Calcium Oxide (CaO) Nano-catalyst,†Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 18982, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55403-4.
  55. S. E. Mahesh, A. Ramanathan, K. M. M. S. Begum, and A. Narayanan, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using KBr impregnated CaO as catalyst,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 91, pp. 442–450, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.12.031.
  56. A. M. Rabie, M. Shaban, M. R. Abukhadra, R. Hosny, S. A. Ahmed, and N. A. Negm, “Diatomite supported by CaO/MgO nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil,†J. Mol. Liq., vol. 279, pp. 224–231, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.096.
  57. J.-M. Jung, J.-I. Oh, K. Baek, J. Lee, and E. E. Kwon, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using biochar derived from chicken manure as a porous media and catalyst,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 165, pp. 628–633, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.03.096.
  58. T. Maneerung, S. Kawi, Y. Dai, and C.-H. Wang, “Sustainable biodiesel production via transesterification of waste cooking oil by using CaO catalysts prepared from chicken manure,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 123, pp. 487–497, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.06.071.
  59. Z. L. Chung et al., “Life cycle assessment of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production using waste chicken eggshell derived CaO as catalyst via transesterification,†Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., vol. 21, p. 101317, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101317.
  60. M. J. Borah, A. Das, V. Das, N. Bhuyan, and D. Deka, “Transesterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production catalyzed by Zn substituted waste egg shell derived CaO nanocatalyst,†Fuel, vol. 242, pp. 345–354, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.060.
  61. N. Mansir, S. H. Teo, I. Rabiu, and Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, “Effective biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil and biomass residue solid green catalyst,†Chem. Eng. J., vol. 347, pp. 137–144, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.034.
  62. M. Farid Fitri Kamaronzaman, H. Kahar, N. Hassan, M. Farhan Hanafi, and N. Sapawe, “Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using eggshell catalyst,†Mater. Today Proc., vol. 31, pp. 324–328, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.080.
  63. M. F. F. Kamaronzaman, H. Kahar, N. Hassan, M. F. Hanafi, and N. Sapawe, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using nickel doped onto eggshell catalyst,†Mater. Today Proc., vol. 31, pp. 342–346, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.159.
  64. Y. H. Tan, M. O. Abdullah, C. Nolasco-Hipolito, and Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, “Waste ostrich- and chicken-eggshells as heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from used cooking oil: Catalyst characterization and biodiesel yield performance,†Appl. Energy, vol. 160, pp. 58–70, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.023.
  65. S. Sirisomboonchai et al., “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using calcined scallop shell as catalyst,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 95, pp. 242–247, May 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.044.
  66. S. Naveen, K. P. Gopinath, R. Malolan, S. J. Ramesh, K. Aakriti, and J. Arun, “Novel Solar Parabolic Trough Collector cum Reactor for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil using Calcium Oxide catalyst derived from seashells waste,†Chem. Eng. Process. - Process Intensif., vol. 157, p. 108145, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2020.108145.
  67. C. Komintarachat and S. Chuepeng, “Catalytic enhancement of calcium oxide from green mussel shell by potassium chloride impregnation for waste cooking oil-based biodiesel production,†Bioresour. Technol. Reports, vol. 12, p. 100589, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100589.
  68. Y.-C. Lin, K. T. T. Amesho, C.-E. Chen, P.-C. Cheng, and F.-C. Chou, “A cleaner process for green biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil using recycled waste oyster shells as a sustainable base heterogeneous catalyst under the microwave heating system,†Sustain. Chem. Pharm., vol. 17, p. 100310, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.scp.2020.100310.
  69. I. B. Laskar, K. Rajkumari, R. Gupta, S. Chatterjee, B. Paul, and S. L. Rokhum, “Waste snail shell derived heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production by the transesterification of soybean oil,†RSC Adv., vol. 8, no. 36, pp. 20131–20142, 2018, doi: 10.1039/C8RA02397B.
  70. M. M. Naeem, E. G. Al-Sakkari, D. C. Boffito, M. A. Gadalla, and F. H. Ashour, “One-pot conversion of highly acidic waste cooking oil into biodiesel over a novel bio-based bi-functional catalyst,†Fuel, vol. 283, p. 118914, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118914.
  71. Y. H. Tan, M. O. Abdullah, J. Kansedo, N. M. Mubarak, Y. S. Chan, and C. Nolasco-Hipolito, “Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using green solid catalyst derived from calcined fusion waste chicken and fish bones,†Renew. Energy, vol. 139, pp. 696–706, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.110.
  72. R. F. Abdullah, U. Rashid, M. L. Ibrahim, B. Hazmi, F. A. Alharthi, and I. A. Nehdi, “Bifunctional nano-catalyst produced from palm kernel shell via hydrothermal-assisted carbonization for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil,†Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 137, p. 110638, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110638.
  73. R. M. Mohamed, G. A. Kadry, H. A. Abdel-Samad, and M. E. Awad, “High operative heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil,†Egypt. J. Pet., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 59–65, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2019.11.002.
  74. H. Mahmood Khan, T. Iqbal, C. Haider Ali, A. Javaid, and I. Iqbal Cheema, “Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil utilizing waste ostrich (Struthio camelus) bones derived heterogeneous catalyst,†Fuel, vol. 277, p. 118091, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118091.
  75. A. Sharma, P. Kodgire, S. . Kachhwaha, H. . Raghavendra, and K. Thakkar, “Application of Microwave Energy for Biodiesel Production using Waste Cooking Oil,†Mater. Today Proc., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 23064–23075, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.11.036.
  76. A. A. Hassan and J. D. Smith, “Investigation of microwave-assisted transesterification reactor of waste cooking oil,†Renew. Energy, vol. 162, pp. 1735–1746, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.123.
  77. I. Choedkiatsakul, K. Ngaosuwan, S. Assabumrungrat, S. Mantegna, and G. Cravotto, “Biodiesel production in a novel continuous flow microwave reactor,†Renew. Energy, vol. 83, pp. 25–29, Nov. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.04.012.
  78. A. Tangy, I. N. Pulidindi, N. Perkas, and A. Gedanken, “Continuous flow through a microwave oven for the large-scale production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil,†Bioresour. Technol., vol. 224, pp. 333–341, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.068.
  79. I. K. Hong, H. Jeon, H. Kim, and S. B. Lee, “Preparation of waste cooking oil based biodiesel using microwave irradiation energy,†J. Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 42, pp. 107–112, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.07.035.
  80. J. Milano et al., “Optimization of biodiesel production by microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification for waste cooking oil-Calophyllum inophyllum oil via response surface methodology,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 158, pp. 400–415, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.12.027.
  81. A. R. Gupta and V. K. Rathod, “Calcium diglyceroxide catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in the presence of microwave: Optimization and kinetic studies,†Renew. Energy, vol. 121, pp. 757–767, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.11.027.
  82. Y. Xiang, Y. Xiang, and L. Wang, “Microwave radiation improves biodiesel yields from waste cooking oil in the presence of modified coal fly ash,†J. Taibah Univ. Sci., vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1019–1029, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.05.006.
  83. M. Mohadesi, B. Aghel, M. Maleki, and A. Ansari, “Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using a homogeneous catalyst: Study of semi-industrial pilot of microreactor,†Renew. Energy, vol. 136, pp. 677–682, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.039.
  84. S. Das et al., “Microwave-assisted biodiesel production from WCO using snail shell-derived CaO@Coal fly ash: Optimization via RSM, cost analysis, kinetics, thermodynamics, and bibliometrics,†Renew. Energy, vol. 254, p. 123741, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123741.
  85. O. A. Falowo, B. Oladipo, O. Adewole, and T. V. Ojumu, “Enhancement of metal-oxides bifunctional catalyst applied in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via microwave-aided and conventional heating methods,†Process Saf. Environ. Prot., vol. 200, p. 107349, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2025.107349.
  86. R. M. Ali, E. Salama, and H. A. Hamad, “A novel technology for microwave-assisted synthesis of new Ca/Si/Al composite oxide-based catalyst for boosting the ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production,†Process Saf. Environ. Prot., vol. 194, pp. 674–687, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.042.
  87. F. Derobertis et al., “Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Steel Slags as Catalyst,†Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., vol. 27, no. 32, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1002/ejic.202400375.
  88. B. Oladipo, S. Qasana, S. C. Zini, N. Menemene, and T. V. Ojumu, “Microwave-assisted biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil: Exploring the potential of carob pod-derived solid base catalyst,†Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 266, p. 108161, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2024.108161.
  89. D. C. Panadare and V. K. Rathod, “Microwave assisted enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel with waste cooking oil and dimethyl carbonate,†J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., vol. 133, pp. S518–S524, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.05.003.
  90. S. Echaroj, N. Pannucharoenwong, K. Duanguppama, P. Rattanadecho, and S. Hemathulin, “High throughput biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over metal oxide binded with Fe2O3,†Energy Reports, vol. 9, pp. 205–215, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.05.271.
  91. M. Aghbashlo, M. Tabatabaei, and S. Hosseinpour, “On the exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental evaluation and optimization of biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil (WCO) using a low power, high frequency ultrasonic reactor,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 164, pp. 385–398, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.02.086.
  92. A. Mohod, N. Bhaskar, V. Rajan, R. Thakur, and M. Bagal, “Intensified synthesis of biodiesel using low-cost feedstock and catalyst via conventional as well as ultrasonic irradiation based approach,†South African J. Chem. Eng., vol. 33, pp. 74–82, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.sajce.2020.05.003.
  93. F. Kusumo, A. S. Silitonga, H. C. Ong, H. H. Masjuki, and T. M. I. Mahlia, “A comparative study of ultrasound and infrared transesteriï¬cation of Sterculia foetida oil for biodiesel production,†Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff., vol. 39, no. 13, pp. 1339–1346, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1080/15567036.2017.1328003.
  94. M. N. Hussain, T. Al Samad, and I. Janajreh, “Economic feasibility of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in the UAE,†Sustain. Cities Soc., vol. 26, pp. 217–226, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.010.
  95. A. S. Silitonga et al., “Intensiï¬cation of Reutealis trisperma biodiesel production using infrared radiation: Simulation, optimisation and validation,†Renew. Energy, vol. 133, pp. 520–527, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.023.
  96. R. Chakraborty and H. Sahu, “Intensification of biodiesel production from waste goat tallow using infrared radiation: Process evaluation through response surface methodology and artificial neural network,†Appl. Energy, vol. 114, pp. 827–836, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.025.
  97. P. Pradhan, S. Chakraborty, and R. Chakraborty, “Optimization of infrared radiated fast and energy-efficient biodiesel production from waste mustard oil catalyzed by Amberlyst 15: Engine performance and emission quality assessments,†Fuel, vol. 173, pp. 60–68, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.038.
  98. A. H. Sebayang et al., “Optimization of biodiesel production from rice bran oil by ultrasound and infrared radiation using ANN-GWO,†Fuel, vol. 346, p. 128404, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128404.
  99. M. Maitra, S. Chatterjee, P. Mukhopadhyay, and R. Chakraborty, “Optimisation of accelerated biodiesel production under near infrared radiation from de-oiled mustard and sunflower cakes,†Indian Chem. Eng., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 152–160, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1828192.
  100. J. Milano et al., “Synthesis of Ceiba pentandra biodiesel using ultrasound and infrared radiation: Comparison and fuel characterisation.,†IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1372, no. 1, p. 012046, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012046.
  101. M. Farooq, A. Ramli, and A. Naeem, “Biodiesel production from low FFA waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst derived from chicken bones,†Renew. Energy, vol. 76, pp. 362–368, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.042.
  102. A. N. Amenaghawon, N. I. Evbarunegbe, and K. Obahiagbon, “Optimum biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil using functionalized cow horn catalyst: A comparative evaluation of some expert systems,†Clean. Eng. Technol., vol. 4, p. 100184, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2021.100184.
  103. M. D. Putra, C. Irawan, Udiantoro, Y. Ristianingsih, and I. F. Nata, “A cleaner process for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using waste materials as a heterogeneous catalyst and its kinetic study,†J. Clean. Prod., vol. 195, pp. 1249–1258, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.010.
  104. T. T. V. Tran et al., “Green biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using an environmentally benign acid catalyst,†Waste Manag., vol. 52, pp. 367–374, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.053.
  105. R. Mishra, C.-M. Shu, and A. R. K. Gollakota, “Transformation of waste cooking oil into biodiesel in a microwave reactor using nickel-loaded graphitic biochar catalyst,†Fuel, vol. 397, p. 135369, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135369.
  106. M. Guo, W. Jiang, J. Ding, and J. Lu, “Highly active and recyclable CuO/ZnO as photocatalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel and the kinetics,†Fuel, vol. 315, p. 123254, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123254.
  107. W. C. Ulakpa, R. O. E. Ulakpa, E. O. Eyankware, and M. C. Egwunyenga, “Statistical optimization of biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil using NaOH/ bentonite impregnated catalyst,†Clean. Waste Syst., vol. 3, p. 100049, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.clwas.2022.100049.
  108. M. Helmi, K. Tahvildari, A. Hemmati, P. Aberoomand azar, and A. Safekordi, “Phosphomolybdic acid/graphene oxide as novel green catalyst using for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via electrolysis method: Optimization using with response surface methodology (RSM),†Fuel, vol. 287, p. 119528, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119528.
  109. Z. Al-Hamamre, A. Sandouqa, B. Al-Saida, R. A. Shawabkeh, and M. Alnaief, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous KNO3/Oil shale ash catalyst,†Renew. Energy, vol. 211, pp. 470–483, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.05.025.
  110. S. Yahya, S. K. Muhamad Wahab, and F. W. Harun, “Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using Fe-Montmorillonite K10 by response surface methodology,†Renew. Energy, vol. 157, pp. 164–172, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.149.
  111. M. Guo et al., “Process optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by esterification of free fatty acids using La3+/ZnO-TiO2 photocatalyst,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 229, p. 113745, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113745.
  112. B. H. Jume, M. A. Gabris, H. Rashidi Nodeh, S. Rezania, and J. Cho, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a novel heterogeneous catalyst based on graphene oxide doped metal oxide nanoparticles,†Renew. Energy, vol. 162, pp. 2182–2189, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.046.
  113. M. Zhang, A. Sun, Y. Meng, L. Wang, H. Jiang, and G. Li, “Catalytic Performance of Biomass Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalyst for Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cooking Oil,†Catal. Surv. from Asia, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 61–67, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10563-014-9182-y.
  114. K. S. H. Eldiehy, M. Gohain, N. Daimary, D. Borah, M. Mandal, and D. Deka, “Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves: A novel source for a highly efficient heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production using waste soybean cooking oil and Scenedesmus obliquus oil,†Renew. Energy, vol. 191, pp. 888–901, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.070.
  115. E. G. Al-Sakkari et al., “Esterification of high FFA content waste cooking oil through different techniques including the utilization of cement kiln dust as a heterogeneous catalyst: A comparative study,†Fuel, vol. 279, p. 118519, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118519.
  116. E. M. Vargas, M. C. Neves, L. A. C. Tarelho, and M. I. Nunes, “Solid catalysts obtained from wastes for FAME production using mixtures of refined palm oil and waste cooking oils,†Renew. Energy, vol. 136, pp. 873–883, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.048.
  117. M. R. Abukhadra and M. A. Sayed, “K+ trapped kaolinite (Kaol/K+) as low cost and eco-friendly basic heterogeneous catalyst in the transesterification of commercial waste cooking oil into biodiesel,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 177, pp. 468–476, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.083.
  118. L. Fereidooni and M. Mehrpooya, “Experimental assessment of electrolysis method in production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using zeolite/chitosan catalyst with a focus on waste biorefinery,†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 147, pp. 145–154, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.05.051.
Article Metrics
60
Views
59
Downloads

SCITE

DIMENSIONS

Publication Information
Published December 14, 2025
Section Articles
Copyright Copyright (c) 2025 Suherman Suherman, Muharnif Muharnif, Ilmi Abdullah, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Marnida Yusfiani, Wan Azmi Wan Hamzah
Keywords
  • Biodiesel
  • Bibliometric
  • Heterogen catalyst
  • SLR
  • VosViewer
  • WCO

Most read articles by the same author(s)