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Pathways to Electric Two-Wheeler Adoption in Emerging Markets: A Scoping Review and Empirical Validation of Consumer Behaviour

Agus Hindarto Wibowo , Moses Laksono Singgih , Budisantoso Wirjodirdjo

Published
July 19, 2026

Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Pages 460-489

DOI

Open Access
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Abstract

The electrification of two-wheelers (E2Ws) is increasingly recognised as a high-impact decarbonisation strategy in emerging Asian markets, where motorcycles are the dominant mode of transport. However, the literature remains fragmented, and behavioural studies consistently report a persistent gap between stated adoption intentions and actual purchase behaviour. This study provides a robust empirical proxy to address these limitations through a two-phase hybrid approach: a scoping review and bibliometric analysis (ScoRBA) of 278 Scopus-indexed articles, synthesised using the PAGER framework, followed by empirical validation via a multi-model machine learning approach applied to a stated-preference dataset of 6,040 respondents from Solo, Indonesia. Bibliometric mapping identified three core socio-technical research clusters. The empirical analysis revealed a finding that departs substantially from prevailing assumptions: Perceived E-bike Quality, not financial incentives or operational costs, emerged as the dominant predictor of adoption. While initially identified via a baseline Decision Tree, this dominance was robustly validated across advanced ensemble algorithms and confirmed via SHAP analysis (Mean |SHAP Value| = 17.88%). Correctly situated within the technology perception dimension of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this variable's dominance implies a sequential cognitive architecture: technology credibility must be established before economic evaluation becomes relevant. Consequently, policymakers in similar motorcycle-dominated transitional markets should prioritise quality certification and demonstration programmes before deploying purchase subsidies at scale.

Keywords

Electric two-wheelers; Scoping review; Machine learning; Technology acceptance; Consumer behaviour

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Keywords
  • Electric two-wheelers
  • Scoping review
  • Machine learning
  • Technology acceptance
  • Consumer behaviour