Main Article Content
Abstract
People’s Republic of China is allegedly committed racial discrimination toward Uyghurs for the last few years. Uyghurs is one of the minority ethnics who live in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) China. The Chinese government builds re-education camp for Uyghurs and being detained even imprisoned without a proper legal procedure. The research aims to know the implementation of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) and the Responsibility to Protect Perspective in Uyghurs case. The study employed normative legal research with Statute Approach and Case Approach. By using qualitative descriptive method, the study elaborated on how China upholds the minority rights through the implementation of ICERD, and how the international law perspective in the context of responsibility to protect Uyghur case is. The result shows that China has not been successfully implementing ICERD toward minority groups because in practice China does racial discrimination toward Uyghurs. Also, China fails to implement the first pillar of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), where China should protect its citizen from any kind of mass atrocity crimes.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Banton, M. (2018). What We Know About Race and Ethnicity. New York: Berghahn Books.
- Bassiouni, M. C. (1996). International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes. Law and Contemporary Problems, 59(4), 63-74.
- Clothey, R. (2005). China's Policy for Minority Nationalities in Higher Education: Negotiating National Values and Ethnic Identities. Comparative Education Review, 49(3), 8.
- Diantha, I. M. (2016). Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif dalam Justifikasi Teori Hukum. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
- Discrimination, Committee on the Elimination of Racial. (2018, August 30). Concluding Observations on the Combined Fourteenth to Seventeenth Periodic Reports of China. Retrieved from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/CHN/CERD_C_CHN_CO_14-17_32237_E.pdf
- Duara, P. (2019, March 28). AAS Statement on Extra Judicial Detention of Turkic Muslims in Xinjiang, PRC. Retrieved from https://uyghuramerican.org/article/ass-statement-extra-judicial-detention-turkic-muslims-xinjiang-prc.html
- Efendi, J., & Ibrahim, J. (2016). Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Empiris. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
- Felice, W. F. (2002). The UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: Race, and Economic and Social Human Rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 24(1), 3.
- Finley, J. S. (2019). Securitization, Insecurity and Conflict in Contemporer Xinjiang: Has PRC Counter-Terrorism Evolved into State Terror? Central Asian Survey, 11.
- General Assembly Security Council . (2017, August 10). Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: accountability for prevention. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/2017%20SG%20report%20on%20RtoP%20Advanced%20copy.pdf
- Genser, J. (2018). The United Nations Security Council's Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect: A Review of Past Interventions and Recommendations for Improvement. Chicago Journal of International Law, 18(2), 10-14.
- Genser, J. (2018, February 20). The UN Security Council Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect: A Review of Past Interventions and Recommendations for Improvement. Retrieved from https://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org: https://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org
- Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. (2017, November 4). The Responsibility to Protect: A Background Briefing . Retrieved from https://www.globalr2p.org: https://www/globalr2p.org/media/files/r2p-background-briefing-2017.pdf
- Groot, G. (2019). Power. Australia: Australian National University Press.
- Henrard, K. (2007). The Protection of Minorities Through the Equality Provisions in the UN Human Rghts Treaties: The UN Treaty Bodies. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 14(3), 5-6.
- Human Rights Watch. (2018, June 21). Submission to the CERD Review of China. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/21/submission-cerd-review-china
- International, Amnesty. (2010, July 2). China: "Justice, Jusice": The July 2009 Protests in Xinjiang, China. Retrieved from https://www.observatori.org/paises/pais_81/documentos/asal70272010en.pdf
- Lappin, R. (2016). Should CERD Repudiate the Notion of Race? Peace Review A Journal of Social Justice, 28(4), 4.
- Long, Q. (2018, July 26). Group Slams China's Record on Ethnic Mongolians Amid Calls for Writer Release. Retrieved from https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/mongolians/-0726201840229.html
- Neumayer, E. (2007). Explaining Reservations to International Human Rights Treaties. The University of Chicago Press Journals, 36(2), 10.
- Office of the High Commisioner for Human Rights. (2012, January 30). Countering Discrimination, in Particular Racial Discrimination, Discrimination on the Grounds of Sex, Religion and Against Others Who Are Marginalized. Retrieved from https://www2.ohchr.org/english/ohchrreport2011/web-_version/ohchr_report2011_web/allegati/9_Discrimination.pdf
- Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations. (2014). The Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda
- Permanent Missions of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations Office at Geneva and Other International Organization in Switzerland. (2014, July 26). National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China. Retrieved from https://www.china-un.ch/eng/bjzl/tl176942.htm
- Roberts, S. R. (2018). The Biopolitics of China's "war on terror" and the exclusion of the Uyghurs. Critical Asian Studies, 50(2), 18.
- Shirane, D. (2015, June 17). ICERD & CERD: A Guide for Civil Society Actors. Retrieved from https://www.issuu.com/dhrpraxis/docs/icerdmanual
- Sintash, B. K. (2019, March). Detained and Disappeared: Intellectuals Under Assault in the Uyghur Homeland. Retrieved from https://docs.uhrp.org: https://docs.uhrp.org/pdf/Detained-and-Disappeared-Inellectuals-Under-Assault-in-the-Uyghur-Homeland.pdf
- Southern Mongolian Human Rights Center. (2018, July 4). Subsmission to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) for the Consideration of the Review of the People's Republic of China During the 96th Session. Retrieved from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/CHN/INT_CERD_NGO_CHN_31909_E.docx
- Thornberry, P. (2005). Confronting Racial Discrimination: A CERD Perspective. Human Rights Law Review, 5(2), 6-7.
- United Nations Treaty Collection. (1966, March 7). International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org: https://treaties.un.org
- Wang, Y. (2009). Minority Langguage Policy and Practice in China: The Need for Multicultural Education. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 11(1), 3-4.
- Watch, Human Rights. (2018, September 4). Eradicating Ideological Viruses. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/china0918_web.pdf
- Xia, R., Clemens, V., & Eve, F. (2018, July 25). China's Counter-Terror Campaign Indiscriminately Targets Ethnic & Religious Minorities in Xinjiang. Retrieved from https://www.nchrd.org/2018/07/criminal-arrests-in-Xinjiang-aacount-for-21-of-chinas-total-in-2017
- Zang, X. (2012). Age and the Cost of Being Uyghurs in Urumchi. The China Quarterly, 5-6.