Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 506 Download : 394

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

With the rising consumption of energy comes the challenge of the depletion of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are non-renewable and finite energy sources with increasing energy demand as a result of the rise in human population and industrialization. This concern has led researchers to seek alternative energy sources that are both economically, technically viable, and environmentally beneficial. Biodiesel is considered an alternative source of energy supply. It is non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral, and ecologically friendly. However, the high cost of producing biodiesel from feedstocks impedes its commercialization. Hence, WCO used in the production of biodiesel helps to reduce the overall cost of production. The characteristics of the performance, emission, and combustion of the biodiesel produced from the transesterification of WCO are reviewed in this study.  The molar ratio of methanol to oil, the concentration of the catalyst, reaction temperature, and time were used to investigate the optimization parameter required in the synthesis of biodiesel from WCO. The number of times the catalyst can be reused while maintaining a good catalytic activity in biodiesel production was also studied. The optimization models and techniques for the prediction of biodiesel yield were also studied.

Keywords

Waste cooking oil Catalyst Optimization parameter Emission Performance Combustion characteristics

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

References

  1. T. Kivevele, T. Raja, V. Pirouzfar, B. Waluyo, and M. Setiyo, “LPG-Fueled Vehicles: An Overview of Technology and Market Trend,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6–19, 2020, doi: 10.31603/ae.v3i1.3334.
  2. Z. Z. Cai et al., “A two-step biodiesel production process from waste cooking oil via recycling crude glycerol esterification catalyzed by alkali catalyst,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 137, pp. 186–193, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.04.017.
  3. M. D. Putra, C. Irawan, Udiantoro, Y. Ristianingsih, and I. F. Nata, “A cleaner process for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using waste materials as a heterogeneous catalyst and its kinetic study,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 195, pp. 1249–1258, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.010.
  4. Sahar et al., “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An efficient technique to convert waste into biodiesel,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 41, no. May, pp. 220–226, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.037.
  5. M. Setiyo, “Alternative fuels for transportation sector in Indonesia,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2022, doi: 10.31603/mesi.6850.
  6. M. Setiyo, D. Yuvenda, and O. D. Samuel, “The Concise Latest Report on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Pure Biodiesel (B100) on Engine Performance: Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis,” Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 469–490, 2021, doi: 10.17509/ijost.v6i3.38430.
  7. A. C. Arifin, A. Aminudin, and R. M. Putra, “Diesel-Biodiesel Blend on Engine Performance: An Experimental Study,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 91–96, 2019, doi: 10.31603/ae.v2i3.2995.
  8. A. Kolakoti, B. Prasadarao, K. Satyanarayana, M. Setiyo, H. Köten, and M. Raghu, “Elemental, Thermal and Physicochemical Investigation of Novel Biodiesel from Wodyetia Bifurcata and Its Properties Optimization using Artificial Neural Network (ANN),” Automotive Experiences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 3–15, 2022, doi: 10.31603/ae.6171.
  9. S. Pambudi, N. Ilminnafik, S. Junus, and M. N. Kustanto, “Experimental Study on the Effect of Nano Additives γAl2O3 and Equivalence Ratio to Bunsen Flame Characteristic of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum),” Automotive Experiences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 51–61, 2021, doi: 10.31603/ae.4569.
  10. S. Supriyadi, P. Purwanto, D. D. Anggoro, and H. Hermawan, “The Effects of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Concentration and Reaction Temperature on The Properties of Biodiesel from Philippine Tung (Reutealis Trisperma) Seeds,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 57–67, 2022, doi: 10.31603/ae.5986.
  11. D. Ayu, R. Aulyana, E. W. Astuti, K. Kusmiyati, and N. Hidayati, “Catalytic Transesterification of Used Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Effect of Oil-Methanol Molar Ratio and Reaction Time,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 73–77, 2019, doi: 10.31603/ae.v2i3.2991.
  12. A. Sule, Z. A. Latiff, M. A. Abbas, I. Veza, and A. C. Opia, “Recent Advances in Diesel-Biodiesel Blended with Nano-Additive as Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Detailed Review,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 182–216, 2022, doi: 10.31603/ae.6352.
  13. P. K. Sahoo and L. M. Das, “Process optimization for biodiesel production from Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga oils,” Fuel, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 1588–1594, 2009.
  14. P. Verma and M. P. Sharma, “Comparative analysis of effect of methanol and ethanol on Karanja biodiesel production and its optimisation,” Fuel, vol. 180, pp. 164–174, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.035.
  15. P. K. Sahoo et al., “Comparative evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of jatropha, karanja and polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a tractor engine,” Fuel, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 1698–1707, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.015.
  16. A. Demirbas, A. Bafail, W. Ahmad, and M. Sheikh, “Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils,” Energy Exploration and Exploitation, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 290–318, 2016, doi: 10.1177/0144598716630166.
  17. Z. Ullah, M. A. Bustam, Z. Man, A. S. Khan, N. Muhammad, and A. Sarwono, “Preparation and kinetics study of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using new functionalized ionic liquids as catalysts,” Renewable Energy, vol. 114, pp. 755–765, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.085.
  18. H. Sanli, M. Canakci, E. Alptekin, A. Turkcan, and A. N. Ozsezen, “Effects of waste frying oil based methyl and ethyl ester biodiesel fuels on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a di diesel engine,” Fuel, vol. 159, pp. 179–187, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.06.081.
  19. L. F. Bautista, G. Vicente, R. Rodríguez, and M. Pacheco, “Optimisation of FAME production from waste cooking oil for biodiesel use,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 862–872, 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.01.009.
  20. H. An, W. M. Yang, A. Maghbouli, J. Li, S. K. Chou, and K. J. Chua, “Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel derived from waste cooking oils,” Applied Energy, vol. 112, pp. 493–499, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.12.044.
  21. S. Senthur Prabu, M. A. Asokan, R. Roy, S. Francis, and M. K. Sreelekh, “Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil bio-diesel/diesel blends with additives,” Energy, vol. 122, pp. 638–648, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.119.
  22. B. Karpanai Selvan et al., “Utilization of biodiesel blended fuel in a diesel engine – Combustion engine performance and emission characteristics study,” Fuel, vol. 311, no. November 2021, p. 122621, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122621.
  23. R. Koul, N. Kumar, and R. C. Singh, “Comparative Analysis of Renewable Diesel and Biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil,” Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, pp. 0–1, 2022, doi: 10.1002/ep.13832.
  24. S. E. Mahesh, A. Ramanathan, K. M. M. S. Begum, and A. Narayanan, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using KBr impregnated CaO as catalyst,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 91, pp. 442–450, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.12.031.
  25. B. Mohan, W. Yang, K. L. Tay, and W. Yu, “Experimental study of spray characteristics of biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 88, pp. 622–632, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.09.013.
  26. L. Kolo, F. Firdaus, P. Taba, M. Zakir, and N. H. Soekamto, “Selectivity of the New Catalyst ZnO-MCM-48-CaO in Esterification of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 217–229, 2022, doi: 10.31603/ae.6711.
  27. U. Jamil, A. Husain Khoja, R. Liaquat, S. Raza Naqvi, W. Nor Nadyaini Wan Omar, and N. Aishah Saidina Amin, “Copper and calcium-based metal organic framework (MOF) catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A process optimization study,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 215, no. May, p. 112934, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112934.
  28. A. K. Endalew, Y. Kiros, and R. Zanzi, “Inorganic heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from vegetable oils,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 3787–3809, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.011.
  29. H. V. Lee, J. C. Juan, Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, P. S. Kong, and N. A. Rahman, “Advancement in heterogeneous base catalyzed technology: An efficient production of biodiesel fuels,” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 7, no. 3, 2015, doi: 10.1063/1.4919082.
  30. L. Qu, Z. Wang, and J. Zhang, “Influence of waste cooking oil biodiesel on oxidation reactivity and nanostructure of particulate matter from diesel engine,” Fuel, vol. 181, pp. 389–395, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.113.
  31. U. Jamil, A. Husain Khoja, R. Liaquat, S. Raza Naqvi, W. Nor Nadyaini Wan Omar, and N. Aishah Saidina Amin, “Copper and calcium-based metal organic framework (MOF) catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A process optimization study,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 215, no. April, p. 112934, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112934.
  32. A. A. S. A. El-gharabawy, “Cost Analysis for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Plant in Egypt,” International Journal of Smart grid, no. January 2017, 2017, doi: 10.20508/ijsmartgrid.v1i1.2.g2.
  33. M. Guo et al., “Process optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by esterification of free fatty acids using La3+/ZnO-TiO2 photocatalyst,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 229, no. September 2020, p. 113745, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113745.
  34. A. Kolakoti, M. Setiyo, and B. Waluyo, “Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: Characterization, Modeling and Optimization,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22–30, 2021, doi: 10.31603/mesi.5320.
  35. J. Hwang, D. Qi, Y. Jung, and C. Bae, “Effect of injection parameters on the combustion and emission characteristics in a common-rail direct injection diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel,” Renewable Energy, vol. 63, pp. 9–17, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.08.051.
  36. A. M. A. Attia and A. E. Hassaneen, “Influence of diesel fuel blended with biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil on diesel engine performance,” Fuel, vol. 167, pp. 316–328, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.064.
  37. E. Elnajjar, S. A. B. Al-Omari, M. Y. E. Selim, and S. T. P. Purayil, “CI engine performance and emissions with waste cooking oil biodiesel boosted with hydrogen supplement under different load and engine parameters,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 4793–4805, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2021.10.039.
  38. C. S. Cheung, X. J. Man, K. W. Fong, and O. K. Tsang, “Effect of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel on the Emissions of a Diesel Engine,” Physics Procedia, vol. 66, pp. 93–96, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.02.050.
  39. X. J. Man, C. S. Cheung, Z. Ning, L. Wei, and Z. H. Huang, “Influence of engine load and speed on regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel fuel blended with waste cooking oil biodiesel,” Fuel, vol. 180, pp. 41–49, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.007.
  40. G. Chiatti, O. Chiavola, and F. Palmieri, “Impact of waste cooking oil in biodiesel blends on particle size distributions from a city-car engine,” Journal of the Energy Institute, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 262–269, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.joei.2016.11.009.
  41. I. Yildiz, H. Caliskan, and K. Mori, “Assessment of biofuels from waste cooking oils for diesel engines in terms of waste-to-energy perspectives,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 50, no. November 2021, p. 101839, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2021.101839.
  42. D. Balasubramanian, A. T. Hoang, I. Papla Venugopal, A. Shanmugam, J. Gao, and T. Wongwuttanasatian, “Numerical and experimental evaluation on the pooled effect of waste cooking oil biodiesel/diesel blends and exhaust gas recirculation in a twin-cylinder diesel engine,” Fuel, vol. 287, no. April 2020, p. 119815, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119815.
  43. G. R. Kannan and R. Anand, “Effect of injection pressure and injection timing on DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from waste cooking oil,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 46, pp. 343–352, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.08.006.
  44. X. Meng, G. Chen, and Y. Wang, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 89, no. 9, pp. 851–857, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.02.006.
  45. L. Fereidooni, K. Tahvildari, and M. Mehrpooya, “Trans-esterification of waste cooking oil with methanol by electrolysis process using KOH,” Renewable Energy, vol. 116, pp. 183–193, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.067.
  46. P. D. Patil, V. G. Gude, H. K. Reddy, T. Muppaneni, and S. Deng, “Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Sulfuric Acid and Microwave Irradiation Processes,” Journal of Environmental Protection, vol. 03, no. 01, pp. 107–113, 2012, doi: 10.4236/jep.2012.31013.
  47. A. Naeem et al., “Kinetic and optimization study of sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using novel heterogeneous solid base catalyst,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 328, no. December 2020, p. 124831, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124831.
  48. A. Gouran, B. Aghel, and F. Nasirmanesh, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using wheat bran ash as a sustainable biomass,” Fuel, vol. 295, no. March, p. 120542, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120542.
  49. A. S. Yusuff, A. O. Gbadamosi, and L. T. Popoola, “Biodiesel production from transesterified waste cooking oil by zinc-modified anthill catalyst: Parametric optimization and biodiesel properties improvement,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 104955, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104955.
  50. B. Aghel, M. Mohadesi, M. H. Razmehgir, and A. Gouran, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in a micro-sized reactor in the presence of cow bone-based KOH catalyst,” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13399-021-02262-7.
  51. M. Helmi, K. Tahvildari, A. Hemmati, P. A. Azar, and A. Safekordi, “Converting waste cooking oil into biodiesel using phosphomolybdic acid/clinoptilolite as an innovative green catalyst via electrolysis procedure; optimization by response surface methodology (RSM),” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 225, no. May 2021, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.107062.
  52. M. Guo, W. Jiang, J. Ding, and J. Lu, “Highly active and recyclable CuO/ZnO as photocatalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel and the kinetics,” Fuel, vol. 315, no. January, p. 123254, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123254.
  53. K. Cholapandian, B. Gurunathan, and N. Rajendran, “Investigation of CaO nanocatalyst synthesized from Acalypha indica leaves and its application in biodiesel production using waste cooking oil,” Fuel, vol. 312, no. December 2021, p. 122958, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122958.
  54. S. Rezania et al., “Lanthanum phosphate foam as novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil,” Renewable Energy, vol. 176, pp. 228–236, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.060.
  55. R. Sipayung and Budiyono, “Optimization of biodiesel production from used cooking oil using modified calcium oxide as catalyst and N-Hexane as solvent,” Materials Today: Proceedings, no. xxxx, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.562.
  56. B. Aghel, A. Gouran, and P. Shahsavari, “Optimizing the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Utilizing Industrial Waste-Derived MgO/CaO Catalysts,” Chemical Engineering and Technology, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 348–354, 2022, doi: 10.1002/ceat.202100562.
  57. M. Helmi, K. Tahvildari, A. Hemmati, P. Aberoomand azar, and A. Safekordi, “Phosphomolybdic acid/graphene oxide as novel green catalyst using for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via electrolysis method: Optimization using with response surface methodology (RSM),” Fuel, vol. 287, no. March 2020, p. 119528, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119528.
  58. M. Arrais Gonçalves, E. Karine Lourenço Mares, J. Roberto Zamian, G. Narciso da Rocha Filho, and L. Rafael Vieira da Conceição, “Statistical optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic acid heterogeneous catalyst MoO3/SrFe2O4,” Fuel, vol. 304, no. July, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121463.
  59. M. Mohadesi, B. Aghel, A. Gouran, and M. H. Razmehgir, “Transesterification of waste cooking oil using Clay/CaO as a solid base catalyst,” Energy, vol. 242, p. 122536, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122536.
  60. B. Aghel, A. Gouran, and F. Nasirmanesh, “Transesterification of waste cooking oil using clinoptilolite/ industrial phosphoric waste as green and environmental catalysts,” Energy, vol. 244, p. 123138, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.123138.
  61. A. Kolakoti and G. Satish, “Biodiesel production from low-grade oil using heterogeneous catalyst: an optimisation and ANN modelling,” Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, pp. 1–13, 2020, doi: 10.1080/14484846.2020.1842298.
  62. A. Kolakoti, P. R. Mosa, T. G. Kotaru, and M. Mahapatro, “Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking sunflower oil by taguchi and ann techniques,” Journal of Thermal Engineering, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 712–723, 2020, doi: 10.18186/THERMAL.796761.
  63. Y. Rajesh, A. Kolakoti, B. G. C. Sheakar, and J. Bhargavi, “Optimization of biodiesel production from waste frying palm oil using definitive screening design,” International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 48–57, 2019, doi: 10.4314/ijest.v11i2.4.
  64. C. Özgür, “Optimization of biodiesel yield and diesel engine performance from waste cooking oil by response surface method (RSM),” Petroleum Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 17–18, pp. 683–703, 2021, doi: 10.1080/10916466.2021.1954019.
  65. Y. H. Tan, M. O. Abdullah, C. Nolasco-Hipolito, and N. S. Ahmad Zauzi, “Application of RSM and Taguchi methods for optimizing the transesterification of waste cooking oil catalyzed by solid ostrich and chicken-eggshell derived CaO,” Renewable Energy, vol. 114, no. PB, pp. 437–447, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.024.
  66. R. Selvaraj, I. G. Moorthy, R. V. Kumar, and V. Sivasubramanian, “Microwave mediated production of FAME from waste cooking oil: Modelling and optimization of process parameters by RSM and ANN approach,” Fuel, vol. 237, no. May 2018, pp. 40–49, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.147.
  67. A. Avinash and A. Murugesan, “Prediction capabilities of mathematical models in producing a renewable fuel from waste cooking oil for sustainable energy and clean environment,” Fuel, vol. 216, no. November 2017, pp. 322–329, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.029.