Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry

Articles

Characteristics of briquettes from plastic pyrolysis by-products

Sunaryo Sunaryo , Sutoyo Sutoyo , Suyitno Suyitno , Zainal Arifin , Thomas Kivevele , Artur I. Petrov

Published
June 7, 2023

Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023)
Pages 57-65

DOI

Open Access
Share

Abstract

Pyrolysis has been proven as a method to reduce plastic waste and produce useful products, especially liquid fuels. However, plastic pyrolysis also produces gases and char as by-products which are being investigated for useful products. Therefore, our present study aims to investigate the char characteristics of plastic pyrolysis for further use as briquettes. Seven samples of char by-products from the pyrolysis process of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic at various reaction temperatures and catalyst types were studied. The proximate test is used to determine the properties of char such as moisture content, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon while the bomb calorimeter is used to determine the calorific value. Briquettes are formed by mixing 4 grams of char and 0.5-1 gram of binder (1% starch and 90% water). The briquettes were formed into solid cylinders with a diameter of 1.75 cm and formed with a pressure of 10 kg/cm2. Furthermore, the impact resistance index (IRI) was used to test the performance of the briquettes and showed an IRI value between 100 and 200. However, of the seven char samples tested, three of them were impossible to process into briquettes because they melted during the combustion test.

Keywords

Plastic waste; Pyrolysis; Char; Catalyst; Briquettes

References

  1. [1] T. R. Walker and L. Fequet, “Current trends of unsustainable plastic production and micro(nano)plastic pollution,” TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 160, p. 116984, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.116984.
  2. [2] O. O. Olanrewaju and D. Oyebade, “Environmental Menace of Plastic Waste in Nigeria: Challenges, Policies and Technological Efforts,” in World Environmental Conservation Conference, 2019, no. June, pp. 322–333.
  3. [3] R. Kumar et al., “Impacts of plastic pollution on ecosystem services, sustainable development goals, and need to focus on circular economy and policy interventions,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 17, p. 9963, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179963.
  4. [4] T. D. Moshood, G. Nawanir, F. Mahmud, F. Mohamad, M. H. Ahmad, and A. AbdulGhani, “Sustainability of biodegradable plastics: New problem or solution to solve the global plastic pollution?,” Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, vol. 5, p. 100273, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100273.
  5. [5] N. Evode, S. A. Qamar, M. Bilal, D. Barceló, and H. M. N. Iqbal, “Plastic waste and its management strategies for environmental sustainability,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 4, p. 100142, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100142.
  6. [6] J. Nikiema and Z. Asiedu, “A review of the cost and effectiveness of solutions to address plastic pollution,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 29, no. 17, pp. 24547–24573, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18038-5.
  7. [7] M. Ramkumar, K. Balasubramani, M. Santosh, and R. Nagarajan, “The plastisphere: A morphometric genetic classification of plastic pollutants in the natural environment,” Gondwana Research, vol. 108, no. August, pp. 4–12, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.07.004.
  8. [8] S. D. A. Sharuddin, F. Abnisa, W. M. A. W. Daud, and M. K. Aroua, “A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes,” Energy conversion and management, vol. 115, pp. 308–326, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.037.
  9. [9] Y. Tang, X. Ma, Z. Lai, D. Zhou, H. Lin, and Y. Chen, “NOx and SO2 emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion in CO2/O2 atmosphere,” Energy, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 300–306, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.070.
  10. [10] J. D. azimi Jibril, I. Bin Sipan, M. Sapri, S. A. Shika, M. Isa, and S. Abdullah, “3R s Critical Success Factor in Solid Waste Management System for Higher Educational Institutions,” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 65, no. ICIBSoS, pp. 626–631, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.175.
  11. [11] J. K. Debrah, D. G. Vidal, and M. A. P. Dinis, “Innovative use of plastic for a clean and sustainable environmental management: Learning cases from Ghana, Africa,” Urban Science, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 12, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010012.
  12. [12] S. S. Ali et al., “Bioplastic production in terms of life cycle assessment: A state-of-the-art review,” Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, vol. 15, p. 100254, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2023.100254.
  13. [13] R. Kumar, M. K. Mishra, S. K. Singh, and A. Kumar, “Experimental evaluation of waste plastic oil and its blends on a single cylinder diesel engine,” Journal of mechanical science and technology, vol. 30, pp. 4781–4789, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-016-0950-7.
  14. [14] M. S. Qureshi et al., “Pyrolysis of plastic waste: Opportunities and challenges,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 152, p. 104804, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104804.
  15. [15] J. Hernandez-Fernandez, H. Lambis, and R. V. Reyes, “Application of Pyrolysis for the Evaluation of Organic Compounds in Medical Plastic Waste Generated in the City of Cartagena-Colombia Applying TG-GC/MS,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 24, no. 6, p. 5397, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065397.
  16. [16] M. Akbarzadeh, “Plant design and optimization of hydrogen production from non-condensable gas of plastic pyrolysis,” Politecnico di Milano, 2022.
  17. [17] A. Alabdrabalnabi, R. Gautam, and S. M. Sarathy, “Machine learning to predict biochar and bio-oil yields from co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics,” Fuel, vol. 328, p. 125303, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125303.
  18. [18] A. G. Adeniyi, K. O. Iwuozor, E. C. Emenike, O. J. Ajala, S. Ogunniyi, and K. B. Muritala, “Thermochemical co-conversion of biomass-plastic waste to biochar: A review,” Green Chemical Engineering, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gce.2023.03.002.
  19. [19] E. Singh et al., “Pyrolysis of waste biomass and plastics for production of biochar and its use for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 320, p. 124278, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124278.
  20. [20] G. Feng, “Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels,” University of Canterbury, 2010.
  21. [21] V. Mortezaeikia, O. Tavakoli, and M. S. Khodaparasti, “A review on kinetic study approach for pyrolysis of plastic wastes using thermogravimetric analysis,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 160, p. 105340, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105340.
  22. [22] G. K. Parku, F.-X. Collard, and J. F. Görgens, “Pyrolysis of waste polypropylene plastics for energy recovery: Influence of heating rate and vacuum conditions on composition of fuel product,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 209, p. 106522, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106522.
  23. [23] S.-H. Jung, M.-H. Cho, and J.-S. Kim, “Pyrolysis Of Post-Consumed Waste Plastics For The Recovery Of Btx-Aromatics Using A Fluidized Bed Reactor,” 2009.
  24. [24] A. Al-Rumaihi, M. Shahbaz, G. Mckay, H. Mackey, and T. Al-Ansari, “A review of pyrolysis technologies and feedstock: A blending approach for plastic and biomass towards optimum biochar yield,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 167, p. 112715, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112715.
  25. [25] Y. Bow and S. Kurniawan, “Study of temperature and use of catalysts in the pyrolysis of LDPE plastic waste on the quantity of oil fuel products produced,” in 4th Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST-T1-T2-2020), 2021, pp. 24–28, doi: https://doi.org/10.2991/ahe.k.210205.005.
  26. [26] E. T. Aisien, I. C. Otuya, and F. A. Aisien, “Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste polypropylene plastic using spent FCC catalyst,” Environmental Technology & Innovation, vol. 22, p. 101455, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101455.
  27. [27] D. Yao, H. Li, Y. Dai, and C.-H. Wang, “Impact of temperature on the activity of Fe-Ni catalysts for pyrolysis and decomposition processing of plastic waste,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 408, p. 127268, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127268.
  28. [28] R. Thahir, M. Irwan, A. Alwathan, and R. Ramli, “Effect of temperature on the pyrolysis of plastic waste using zeolite ZSM-5 using a refinery distillation bubble cap plate column,” Results in Engineering, vol. 11, p. 100231, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100231.
  29. [29] M. Saikia and D. Baruah, “Analysis of physical properties of biomass briquettes prepared by wet briquetting method,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 12–14, 2013.
  30. [30] S. J. Mitchual, K. Frimpong-Mensah, and N. A. Darkwa, “Evaluation of Fuel Properties of Six Tropical Hardwood Timber Species for Briquettes,” Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, vol. 04, no. 01, pp. 1–9, 2014, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jsbs.2014.41001.
  31. [31] J. Kers et al., “Determination of physical, mechanical and burning characteristics of polymeric waste material briquettes,” Estonian Journal of Engineering, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 307, 2010, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/eng.2010.4.06.
  32. [32] H. Saptoadi, “The best biobriquette dimension and its particle size,” Asian J. Energy Environ, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 161–175, 2008.
Article Metrics
24
Views
20
Downloads

SCITE

DIMENSIONS

Publication Information
Published June 7, 2023
Section Articles
Copyright Copyright (c) 2023 Sunaryo Sunaryo, Sutoyo Sutoyo, Suyitno Suyitno, Thomas Kivevele, Artur I. Petrov
Keywords
  • Plastic waste
  • Pyrolysis
  • Char
  • Catalyst
  • Briquettes