Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 460 Download : 401

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

In recent years, one of the most logical efforts made to reduce the dependence on fossil energy sources is the use of a gasoline-methanol fuel blend. However, the problem in using a gasoline-methanol blend as fuel is that the methanol will eventually separate itself from the gasoline unless they are properly blended together, this is because methanol has a polar hydroxyl group called monohydric that binds water vapor together, causing the mixture to separate. Previous research showed that adding a small amount of ethanol to the gasoline-methanol blend makes it a homogeneous blend. Therefore, this research aims to identify the exhaust emissions of the homogenous gasoline-methanol-(ethanol) blend. For each blended fraction was tested on a single-cylinder four-stroke engine.  The emission test is carried out in two stages which include the gasoline mode, and the alcohol mode. These two measurement modes undergo a validation process to correct the differences in the measurement results of the gasoline-methanol-ethanol blends. The test results show that increasing the methanol fraction in the gasoline-methanol-(ethanol) fuel blend results in reduced emission of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon because methanol has a high enthalpy of evaporation, which increases both volumetric efficiency and complete combustion. In addition, the increase in the methanol fraction in the gasoline-methanol-(ethanol) blend showed a higher increase in carbon dioxide emissions. This is because methanol and ethanol have a much lower energy content than gasoline. Therefore, its energy production per unit time requires more fuel molecules.

Keywords

Exhaust emissions Homogeneous Gasoline Methanol Ethanol

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

References

  1. A. Bhikuning, “The simulation of performance and emissions from rapeseed and soybean methyl ester in different injection pressures,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 112–118, 2021, doi: 10.31603/ae.4682.
  2. S. Sunaryo, P. A. Sesotyo, E. Saputra, and A. P. Sasmito, “Performance and Fuel Consumption of Diesel Engine Fueled by Diesel Fuel and Waste Plastic Oil Blends: An Experimental Investigation,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 20–26, 2021, doi: 10.31603/ae.3692.
  3. L. He et al., “On-road emission measurements of reactive nitrogen compounds from heavy-duty diesel trucks in China,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 262, pp. 1–10, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114280.
  4. I. Alifdini, N. A. P. Iskandar, A. W. Nugraha, D. N. Sugianto, A. Wirasatriya, and A. B. Widodo, “Analysis of ocean waves in 3 sites potential areas for renewable energy development in Indonesia,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 165, no. June, pp. 34–42, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.07.013.
  5. B. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Jiang, H. Xu, and X. Zhang, “Dynamic spray development of 2-methylfuran compared to ethanol and isooctane under ultra-high injection pressure,” Fuel, vol. 234, no. June, pp. 581–591, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.013.
  6. S. Syarifudin, F. L. Sanjaya, F. Fatkhurrozak, M. K. Usman, Y. Sibagariang, and H. Koten, “Effect Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol on the Emissions Characteristics of Gasoline Engine,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 62–67, 2021, doi: 10.31603/ae.4641.
  7. S. Pambudi, N. Ilminnafik, S. Junus, and M. N. Kustanto, “Experimental study on the effect of nano additives γal2o3 and equivalence ratio to Bunsen flame characteristic of biodiesel from nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum),” Automotive Experiences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 51–61, 2021, doi: 10.31603/ae.4569.
  8. H. Feng, J. Zhang, X. Wang, and T. H. Lee, “Analysis of auto-ignition characteristics of low-alcohol/iso-octane blends using combined chemical kinetics mechanisms,” Fuel, vol. 234, pp. 836–849, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.008.
  9. S. Prayogi Y. Sinaga N., “Performance and exhaust gas emission of gasoline engine fueled by gasoline, acetone and wet methanol blends ,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering , vol. 535, no. 1. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/535/1/012013.
  10. S. Rohadi H. Bae M.-W., “Effect of cooled EGR on performance and exhaust gas emissions in EFI spark ignition engine fueled by gasoline and wet methanol blends,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1737, no. 0. 2016, doi: 10.1063/1.4949312.
  11. Z. Chen et al., “Study of cylinder-to-cylinder variation in a diesel engine fueled with diesel / methanol dual fuel,” Fuel, vol. 170, pp. 67–76, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.12.019.
  12. S. N. Rifal M., “Impact of methanol-gasoline fuel blend on the fuel consumption and exhaust emission of a SI engine ,” AIP Conference Proceedings , vol. 1725, no. 0. 2016, doi: 10.1063/1.4945524.
  13. Y. B. Sinaga N. Syaiful, “On the Effect of Addition of 1,2-Propylene Glycol Composition on Power and Torque of an EFI Passenger Car Fueled with Methanol-Gasoline M15 ,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering , vol. 494, no. 1. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/494/1/012014.
  14. S. Firmansyah J. Yohana E., “Effect of Water Content in Methanol on the Performance and Exhaust Emissions of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Fueled by Diesel Fuel and Jatropha Oil Blends with EGR System ,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series , vol. 1373, no. 1. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1373/1/012010.
  15. B. Waluyo, M. Setiyo, Saifudin, and I. N. G. Wardana, “The role of ethanol as a cosolvent for isooctane-methanol blend,” Fuel, vol. 262, no. August 2019, p. 116465, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116465.
  16. B. Waluyo, M. Setiyo, Saifudin, and I. N. G. Wardana, “Fuel performance for stable homogeneous gasoline-methanol-ethanol blends,” Fuel, vol. 294, no. February, p. 120565, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120565.
  17. D. H. Qi, S. Q. Liu, J. C. Liu, C. H. Zhang, and Y. Z. Bian, “Properties , performance , and emissions of methanol – gasoline blends in a spark ignition engine,” vol. 219, pp. 405–412, 2005, doi: 10.1243/095440705X6659.
  18. M. K. Balki and C. Sayin, “The effect of compression ratio on the performance, emissions and combustion of an SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with pure ethanol, methanol and unleaded gasoline,” Energy, vol. 71, pp. 194–201, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.074.
  19. S. Verhelst, J. Wg, L. Sileghem, and J. Vancoillie, “Methanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines,” vol. 70, pp. 43–88, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.10.001.
  20. L. Sileghem, A. Coppens, B. Casier, J. Vancoillie, and S. Verhelst, “Performance and emissions of iso-stoichiometric ternary GEM blends on a production SI engine,” Fuel, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.043.
  21. A. Elfasakhany, “Exhaust emissions and performance of ternary iso-butanol e bio- methanol e gasoline and n-butanol e bio-ethanol e gasoline fuel blends in spark-ignition engines : Assessment and comparison,” Energy, vol. 158, pp. 830–844, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.120.
  22. A. Elfasakhany, “Engine performance evaluation and pollutant emissions analysis using ternary bio-ethanol e iso-butanol e gasoline blends in gasoline engines,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 139, pp. 1057–1067, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.016.
  23. C. Sayin, “Engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of methanol and ethanol – diesel blends,” Fuel, vol. 89, no. 11, pp. 3410–3415, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.02.017.
  24. M. K. Balki, C. Sayin, and M. Canakci, “The effect of different alcohol fuels on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine,” Fuel, vol. 115, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.020.
  25. L. Chen and R. Stone, “Measurement of Enthalpies of Vaporization of Isooctane and Ethanol Blends and Their Effects on PM Emissions from a GDI Engine,” Energy & Fuels, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1254–1259, Mar. 2011, doi: 10.1021/ef1015796.
  26. B. Waluyo, I. N. G. Wardana, L. Yuliati, and M. N. Sasongko, “The role of molecule cluster on the azeotrope and boiling points of isooctane-ethanol blend,” Fuel, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.103.
  27. S. N. Kumar et al., “Studies on Exhaust Emissions from Copper-Coated Gasohol Run Spark Ignition Engine with Catalytic Converter,” ISRN Mechanical Engineering, vol. 2011, pp. 1–6, 2011, doi: 10.5402/2011/757019.
  28. L. Siwale, L. Kristóf, A. Bereczky, M. Mbarawa, and A. Kolesnikov, “Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of n-butanol additive in methanol-gasoline blend fired in a naturally-aspirated spark ignition engine,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 118, pp. 318–326, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.10.007.
  29. S. Y. Liao, D. M. Jiang, Z. H. Huang, W. D. Shen, C. Yuan, and Q. Cheng, “Laminar burning velocities for mixtures of methanol and air at elevated temperatures,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 857–863, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2006.08.017.
  30. A. Elfasakhany and A. F. Mahrous, “Performance and emissions assessment of n-butanol–methanol–gasoline blends as a fuel in spark-ignition engines,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 3015–3024, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2016.05.016.
  31. M. K. Baltacioglu, “Comparison of Hcng and Hhocng Dual Fuels Usage With Pilot Comparison of Hcng and Hhocng Dual Fuels Usage With Pilot Injection in a Non-Modified Diesel Engine,” in AVTECH ’15 / III. Automotive and Vehicle Technologies Conference, 2015, no. November, pp. 167–179.
  32. P. I. A. Senatore, “Exhaust emissions of new high-performance motorcycles in hot and cold conditions,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 12, pp. 3133–3144, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s13762-014-0741-6.
  33. B. Waluyo, I. N. G. Wardana, L. Yuliati, and M. N. Sasongko, “The role of molecule cluster on the azeotrope and boiling points of isooctane-ethanol blend,” Fuel, vol. 215, pp. 178–186, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.103.
  34. E. Sawitri, G. Hardiman, and I. Buchori, “The difference of level CO2 emissions from the transportation sector between weekdays and weekend days on the City Centre of Pemalang,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 70, no. 1, 2017, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012010.
  35. H. Sasana and A. E. Putri, “The Increase of Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission in Indonesia,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 31. 2018, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20183101008.
  36. B. Waluyo, I. N. G. Wardana, L. Yuliati, M. N. Sasongko, and M. Setiyo, “The role of polar ethanol induction in various iso-octane ethanol fuel blend during single droplet combustion,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 199, no. October 2019, p. 106275, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106275.

Most read articles by the same author(s)