Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 371 Download : 134

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Due to the problem of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, alternative fuels such as ammonia (NH3) have garnered a lot of attention lately. This is due to its carbon-free molecular structure, ease of transport, and high energy density. Unfortunately, ammonia is not without flaws since it is considered a difficult fuel to burn in conventional internal combustion engines. To further investigate the burning characteristics of ammonia, this study is conducted for ammonia/gasoline co-combustion using a modified engine equipped with a sub-chamber. The engine ran at 1000 RPM and had a 17.7 compression ratio with two injection timings of -55 and 10 crank angle degrees (°CA) after the top dead center (ATDC), while the ammonia energy ratios were adjusted across a range from 40% to 70%. The results show that the earlier injection timing allowed better premixing between the air and fuel mixture, thus enhancing the overall combustion characteristics. For the later injection timing, the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions decrease at the higher ammonia energy ratio due to the denitrification of the nitrogen oxides (DeNOX) process. Overall, the earlier injection timing appears optimal for the 40% to 70% ammonia energy ratio under the present condition.

Keywords

Alternative fuels Ammonia Co-combustion Sub-chamber Injection timing

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

References

  1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data,” Environmental Protection Agency, 2023.
  2. Our World in Data, “Fossil Fuels,” Our World in Data, 2023.
  3. A. M. Zope, R. K. Swami, and A. Patil, “SEM Approach for Analysis of Lean Six Sigma Barriers to Electric Vehicle Assembly,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 416–428, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.31603/ae.9690.
  4. Y. D. Herlambang et al., “Study on Solar Powered Electric Vehicle with Thermal Management Systems on the Electrical Device Performance,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 18–27, 2024, doi: 10.31603/ae.10506.
  5. H. Maghfiroh, O. Wahyunggoro, and A. I. Cahyadi, “Low Pass Filter as Energy Management for Hybrid Energy Storage of Electric Vehicle: A Survey,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 466–484, 2023, doi: 10.31603/ae.9398.
  6. M. Aziz, A. T. Wijayanta, and A. B. D. Nandiyanto, “Ammonia as Effective Hydrogen Storage: A Review on Production, Storage and Utilization,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 12, p. 3062, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13123062.
  7. M. Wahyu, H. Rahmad, and G. J. Gotama, “Effect of Cassava Biogasoline on Fuel Consumption and CO Exhaust Emissions,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 97–103, 2019, doi: 10.31603/ae.v2i3.2991.
  8. E. Marlina, M. Basjir, M. Ichiyanagi, T. Suzuki, G. J. Gotama, and W. Anggono, “The Role of Eucalyptus Oil in Crude Palm Oil As Biodiesel Fuel,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33–38, 2020, doi: 10.31603/ae.v3i1.3257.
  9. S. Sunaryo, S. Suyitno, Z. Arifin, and M. Setiyo, “Performance and emission of a spark-ignition engine using gasoline-plastic pyrolysis oil blends,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 68–81, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.31603/MESI.11278.
  10. A. Hayakawa, T. Goto, R. Mimoto, Y. Arakawa, T. Kudo, and H. Kobayashi, “Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/air premixed flames at various pressures,” Fuel, vol. 159, pp. 98–106, Nov. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.06.070.
  11. M. Setiyo, “Alternative fuels for transportation sector in Indonesia,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2022, doi: 10.31603/mesi.6850.
  12. E. Rivard, M. Trudeau, and K. Zaghib, “Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 12, p. 1973, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.3390/ma12121973.
  13. M. Koike, H. Miyagawa, T. Suzuoki, and K. Ogasawara, “Ammonia as a hydrogen energy carrier and its application to internal combustion engines,” Sustainable Vehicle Technologies, pp. 61–70, 2012, doi: 10.1533/9780857094575.2.61.
  14. D. Lanni, E. Galloni, G. Fontana, and G. D’Antuono, “Assessment of the Operation of an SI Engine Fueled with Ammonia,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 22, p. 8583, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15228583.
  15. V. F. Zakaznov, L. A. Kursheva, and Z. I. Fedina, “Determination of normal flame velocity and critical diameter of flame extinction in ammonia-air mixture,” Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 710–713, Nov. 1978, doi: 10.1007/BF00786097.
  16. K. Takizawa, A. Takahashi, K. Tokuhashi, S. Kondo, and A. Sekiya, “Burning velocity measurements of nitrogen-containing compounds,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 155, no. 1–2, pp. 144–152, Jun. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.089.
  17. T. McSweeney and J. Holbrook, “Ammonia Safety,” 2006.
  18. M. Sakai, M. Kiya, T. Irie, and H. Yakuwa, “Study of Stress Corrosion Cracking Test Method for Pure Copper Tube in Ammoniacal Environment,” Zairyo-to-Kankyo, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 138–142, 2016, doi: 10.3323/jcorr.65.138.
  19. E. Yilmaz et al., “Investigation of intake air temperature effect on co-combustion characteristics of NH3/gasoline in naturally aspirated high compression ratio engine with sub-chamber,” Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 11649, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38883-3.
  20. E. C. Okafor et al., “Measurement and modelling of the laminar burning velocity of methane-ammonia-air flames at high pressures using a reduced reaction mechanism,” Combustion and Flame, vol. 204, pp. 162–175, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.03.008.
  21. G. J. Gotama et al., “Measurement of the laminar burning velocity and kinetics study of the importance of the hydrogen recovery mechanism of ammonia/hydrogen/air premixed flames,” Combustion and Flame, vol. 236, p. 111753, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111753.
  22. Y. Zhang, W. Zhou, Y. Liang, L. Yu, and X. Lu, “An experimental and detailed kinetic modeling study of the auto-ignition of NH3/diesel mixtures: Part 1- NH3 substitution ratio from 20% to 90%,” Combustion and Flame, vol. 251, p. 112391, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112391.
  23. L. Dai et al., “Ignition delay times of NH3 /DME blends at high pressure and low DME fraction: RCM experiments and simulations,” Combustion and Flame, vol. 227, pp. 120–134, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.048.
  24. B. Guo et al., “Combustion Analysis of Ammonia Fueled High Compression Ratio SI Engine with Glow Plug and Sub-Chamber,” International Journal of Automotive Engineering, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 20224073, 2022, doi: 10.20485/jsaeijae.13.1_1.
  25. W. Anggono et al., “Engine Performances of Lean Iso-Octane Mixtures in a Glow Plug Heated Sub-Chamber SI Engine,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 16–27, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.31603/ae.5118.
  26. C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, A. Mercier, P. Brequigny, C. Dumand, J. Bouriot, and S. Houillé, “Performance of ammonia fuel in a spark assisted compression Ignition engine,” International Journal of Engine Research, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 781–792, May 2022, doi: 10.1177/14680874211038726.
  27. T. Nguyen and T. Hoang, “Effects of ethanol port injection timing and delivery rate on combustion characteristic of a heavy-duty V-12 diesel engine,” Thermal Science, vol. 26, no. 1 Part A, pp. 343–352, 2022, doi: 10.2298/TSCI200710137N.
  28. M. S. Lounici, K. Loubar, M. Balistrou, and M. Tazerout, “Investigation on heat transfer evaluation for a more efficient two-zone combustion model in the case of natural gas SI engines,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 31, no. 2–3, pp. 319–328, Feb. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.09.012.
  29. G. F. Hohenberg, “Advanced Approaches for Heat Transfer Calculations,” Feb. 1979, doi: 10.4271/790825.
  30. L. Wang et al., “Experimental study on the high load extension of PODE/methanol RCCI combustion mode with optimized injection strategy,” Fuel, vol. 314, p. 122726, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122726.
  31. R. Lyon, “The Chemistry of the Thermal DeNOx Process: A Review of the Technology’s Possible Application to control of NOx from Diesel Engines,” University of North Texas, 2001.

Most read articles by the same author(s)