Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 841 Download : 569

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Due to the difficulty to directly study ammonia, the present work investigated the engine performance of lean iso-octane/air mixture to approximate ammonia combustion behaviour. The study was conducted using a single cylinder modified diesel engine that features a spark plug and glow plug in the sub-chamber. The investigations varied the engine speeds (1000 and 1500 RPM), glow plug voltages (6 and 10 volts), excess air ratios (1.4 to 1.8), and ignition timings (-2 to -5 °BTDC). The results suggested improved engine performances with a lower excess ratio and higher glow plug voltage due to more complete and stable combustion. By increasing the engine speed, the lean burn limit was extended and improved the engine performances. Because of the sub-chamber feature, delaying the ignition timing improved the engine performances. A larger excess air ratio was found to increase the sensitivity of the engine performances with the ignition timing. The brake mean effective pressure for all conditions has a coefficient of variation of less than 7%, indicating stable combustion. The results suggested that the current setup can be used to investigate ammonia blended fuel and direct ammonia combustion in future works.

Keywords

Ammonia Glow plug Iso-octane Lean burn Spark ignition Sub-chamber

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

References

  1. R. Rosid, B. Sudarmanta, L. Atmaja, and S. Özer, “An Experimental Study of the Addition of Air Mass Flow Rate Using a 30% Emulsion-Fueled Diesel Engine at High Load,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 41–46, 2020, doi: 10.31603/ae.v3i2.3618.
  2. E. Yilmaz, T. Suzuki, K. Ito, G. J. Gotama, W. Anggono, and M. Ichiyanagi, “Analysis of the Spray Characteristics of Water and Water/Glycerin Mixtures using an Interferometric Laser Imaging for Droplet Sizing Technique,” International Journal of Technology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 101–112, 2021, doi: 10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.4188.
  3. W. Anggono, A. Hayakawa, E. C. Okafor, G. J. Gotama, and S. Wongso, “Laminar Burning Velocity and Markstein Length of CH4/CO2/Air Premixed Flames at Various Equivalence Ratios and CO2 Concentrations Under Elevated Pressure,” Combustion Science and Technology, vol. 00, no. 00, pp. 1–20, 2020, doi: 10.1080/00102202.2020.1737032.
  4. A. C. Arifin, A. Aminudin, and R. M. Putra, “Diesel-biodiesel blend on engine performance: an experimental study,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 91–96, 2019, doi: 10.31603/ae.v2i3.2995.
  5. B. C. Purnomo and N. Widodo, “Torque and power characteristics of single piston lpg-fueled engines on variations of ignition timing,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 22–27, 2019, doi: 10.31603/ae.v2i1.2632.
  6. V. Esfahanian, M. M. Salahi, A. Gharehghani, and M. Mirsalim, “Extending the lean operating range of a premixed charged compression ignition natural gas engine using a pre-chamber,” Energy, vol. 119, pp. 1181–1194, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.071.
  7. E. Marlina, M. Basjir, M. Ichiyanagi, T. Suzuki, G. J. Gotama, and W. Anggono, “The role of eucalyptus oil in crude palm oil as biodiesel fuel,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33–38, 2020, doi: 10.31603/ae.v3i1.3257.
  8. M. Wahyu, H. Rahmat, and G. J. Gotama, “Effect of Cassava Biogasoline on Fuel Consumption and CO Exhaust Emissions,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 97–103, 2019, doi: 10.31603/ae.v2i3.3004.
  9. M. Aziz, A. TriWijayanta, and A. B. D. Nandiyanto, “Ammonia as effective hydrogen storage: A review on production, storage and utilization,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1–25, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13123062.
  10. A. Hayakawa, T. Goto, R. Mimoto, Y. Arakawa, T. Kudo, and H. Kobayashi, “Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/air premixed flames at various pressures,” Fuel, vol. 159, pp. 98–106, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.06.070.
  11. A. Goldmann, W. Sauter, M. Oettinger, T. Kluge, U. Schröder, J. R. Seume, J. Friedrichs, and F. Dinkelacker, “A study on electrofuels in aviation,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 2, 2018, doi: 10.3390/en11020392.
  12. A. Valera-Medina, S. Morris, J. Runyon, D. G. Pugh, R. Marsh, P. Beasley, and T. Hughes, “Ammonia, Methane and Hydrogen for Gas Turbines,” Energy Procedia, vol. 75, pp. 118–123, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.205.
  13. A. Valera-Medina, H. Xiao, M. Owen-Jones, W. I. F. David, and P. J. Bowen, “Ammonia for power,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 69, pp. 63–102, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.07.001.
  14. H. Kobayashi, A. Hayakawa, K. D. K. A. Somarathne, and E. C. Okafor, “Science and technology of ammonia combustion,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 109–133, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029.
  15. M. Chiong, C.T. Chong, J. Ng, S. Mashruk, W.W.F. Chong, N.A. Samiran, G.R. Mong, and A. Valera-Medina, “Advancements of combustion technologies in the ammonia-fuelled engines,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 244, no. 114460, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114460.
  16. J. H. Lee, S. I. Lee, and O. C. Kwon, “Effects of ammonia substitution on hydrogen/air flame propagation and emissions,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 35, no. 20, pp. 11332–11341, Oct. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.07.104.
  17. A. Hayakawa, Y. Hirano, E. C. Okafor, H. Yamashita, T. Kudo, and H. Kobayashi, “Experimental and numerical study of product gas characteristics of ammonia/air premixed laminar flames stabilized in a stagnation flow,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 2409–2417, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.030.
  18. H. Lesmana, Z. Zhang, X. Li, M. Zhu, W. Xu, and D. Zhang, “NH3 as a transport fuel in internal combustion engines: A technical review,” Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 141, no. 7, 2019, doi: 10.1115/1.4042915.
  19. S. Frigo and R. Gentili, “Analysis of the behaviour of a 4-stroke SI engine fuelled with ammonia and hydrogen,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1607–1615, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.10.114.
  20. C. Lhuillier, P. Brequigny, F. Contino, and C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, “Experimental study on ammonia/hydrogen/air combustion in spark ignition engine conditions,” Fuel, vol. 269, no. 117448, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117448.
  21. X. Han, Z. Wang, Y. He, S. Wang, Y. Liu, and A. A. Konnov, “Temperature dependence of the laminar burning velocity for n-heptane and iso-octane/air flames,” Fuel, vol. 276, no. 118007, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118007.
  22. S. Ratnak, J. Kusaka, and Y. Daisho, “Experiments and Simulations of a Lean-Boost Spark Ignition Engine for Thermal Efficiency Improvement,” SAE International Journal of Engines, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 379–396, 2016.
  23. M. Ichiyanagi, Y. Kang, B. Guo, R. Saito, K. Kajiki, E. Yilmaz, and T. Suzuki, “Improvement of Fuel Consumption for SI Engines by Combining with Glow Plug Heated Sub-Chamber and Lean Burn,” SAE Technical Paper, no. 2020-32-2310, 2020, doi: 10.4271/2020-32-2310.
  24. S. Ratnak, J. Kusaka, Y. Daisho, K. Yoshimura, and K. Nakama, “Thermal efficiency improvement of a lean-boosted spark ignition engine by multidimensional simulation with detailed chemical kinetics,” International Journal of Automotive Engineering, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 97–104, 2015, doi: 10.20485/jsaeijae.6.4_97.
  25. J. Serras-Pereira, P. G. Aleiferis, and D. Richardson, “An analysis of the combustion behavior of ethanol, butanol, iso-octane, gasoline, and methane in a direct-injection spark-ignition research engine,” Combustion Science and Technology, vol. 185, no. 3, pp. 484–513, 2013, doi: 10.1080/00102202.2012.728650.
  26. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), “JIS K 2202:2012 - Motor Gasoline,” Japanese Industrial Standards, 2012.
  27. M. Comotti and S. Frigo, “Hydrogen generation system for ammonia-hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engines,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 40, no. 33, pp. 10673–10686, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.06.080.
  28. J. Kim, K. M. Chun, S. Song, H. Baek, and S. W. Lee, “The effects of hydrogen on the combustion, performance and emissions of a turbo gasoline direct-injection engine with exhaust gas recirculation,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 39, pp. 25074–25087, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.097.
  29. J. Vancoillie, J. Demuynck, L. Sileghem, M.V.D. Ginste, S. Verhelst, L. Brabant, and L.V. Hoorebeke, “The potential of methanol as a fuel for flex-fuel and dedicated spark-ignition engines,” Applied Energy, vol. 102, pp. 140–149, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.05.065.
  30. X. Yu, Z. Guo, L. He, W. Dong, P. Sun, Y. Du, Z. Li, H. Yang, S. Wang, and H. Wu, “Experimental study on lean-burn characteristics of an SI engine with hydrogen/gasoline combined injection and EGR,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 44, no. 26, pp. 13988–13998, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.236.
  31. S.S. Chung, J.K. Yeom, J.S. Park, "Scavenging a sub-chamber type CNG fueled engine". International Journal of Automotive Technology, vol. 9, pp. 123–128, 2008, doi:10.1007/s12239-008-0016-7.
  32. C.E.C. Alvarez, G.E. Couto, V.R. Roso, A.B. Thiriet, and R.M. Valle, "A review of prechamber ignition systems as lean combustion technology for SI engines," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 128, pp. 107-120, 2018,
  33. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.08.118.
  34. Y. Nada, Y. Kidoguchi, Y. Yamashita, R. Furukawa, R. Kaya, H. Nakano, and S. Kobayashi, "Effects of Sub-Chamber Configuration on Heat Release Rate in a Constant Volume Chamber simulating Lean-burn Natural Gas Engines," SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1032-1040, 2020.
  35. M.P. Bunce, N.D. Peters, S.K. Pothuraju Subramanyam, and H.R. Blaxill, "Assessing the low load challenge for jet ignition engine operation”, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems for Future Transport (ICEPSFT 2019), 1st edition, London, United Kingdom, CRC Press, 2020.

Most read articles by the same author(s)