Main Article Content

Abstract

Although electric vehicles are becoming more widespread today, the electric batteries used as power sources still have many issues. The main problems include short driving range, long charging times, safety and security concerns, the lack of environmentally friendly electricity production, recycling challenges, high costs, and sustainability issues. In particular, lithium-based electric vehicle batteries are gradually being replaced by alternative battery technologies due to their high cost and limited availability. In this study, we introduce a novel hydrogen production method that can serve as both a fuel for internal combustion engines and an energy source through fuel cells for electric cars. Unlike conventional approaches, this method enables the on-demand production of hydrogen fuel without requiring a hydrogen storage tank, allowing direct use in engines. This study not only eliminates hydrogen storage issues but also presents a new alternative power source to lithium-ion, lithium-air, lithium polymer, magnesium-based and sodium-based electric batteries. As a result, the study describes an environmentally friendly alternative energy source for the automotive industry, a sustainable hydrogen production system, and a solution that enhances safety and security while reducing associated risks.

Keywords

Hydrogen Battery Emission Motors Hydrogen engine Electric car

Article Details

References

  1. S. Kaleg, D. A. Sumarsono, Y. Whulanza, and A. C. Budiman, “Addressing Fire Safety, Ground Impact Resistance, and Thermal Management in Composite EV Battery Enclosures: A Review,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 460–485, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.31603/ae.12540.
  2. H. Maghfiroh, O. Wahyunggoro, and A. I. Cahyadi, “Low Pass Filter as Energy Management for Hybrid Energy Storage of Electric Vehicle: A Survey,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 466–484, 2023, doi: 10.31603/ae.9398.
  3. N. A. Arumbinang, I. Garniwa, R. H. S. Koestoer, and W. Aritenang, “ROSES are Read, STEEP are Green: Mapping Sustainability Indicators Across Lifecycle Stages in EV Battery Production Through a Systematic Review,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 429–449, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.31603/ae.11648.
  4. M. M. Kabir and D. E. Demirocak, “Degradation mechanisms in Li-ion batteries: a state-of-the-art review,” International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 41, no. 14, pp. 1963–1986, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1002/er.3762.
  5. J. Schmalstieg, S. Käbitz, M. Ecker, and D. U. Sauer, “A holistic aging model for Li(NiMnCo)O2 based 18650 lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 257, pp. 325–334, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.012.
  6. A. R. Abrari, T. H. Ariwibowo, D. Pramadihanto, N. R. Arini, E. H. Binugroho, and A. Miyara, “Thermal Performance Enhancement of Serpentine Cooling Design Using Branch Modification for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 303–319, 2023, doi: 10.31603/ae.12709.
  7. X. Feng, M. Ouyang, X. Liu, L. Lu, Y. Xia, and X. He, “Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles : A review,” Energy Storage Materials, vol. 10, no. May 2017, pp. 246–267, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2017.05.013.
  8. L.-L. Lu et al., “Extremely fast-charging lithium ion battery enabled by dual-gradient structure design,” Science Advances, vol. 8, no. 17, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6624.
  9. J. B. Goodenough and K.-S. Park, “The Li-Ion Rechargeable Battery: A Perspective,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 1167–1176, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1021/ja3091438.
  10. S. S. Zhang, “Challenges and Strategies for Fast Charge of Li‐Ion Batteries,” ChemElectroChem, vol. 7, no. 17, pp. 3569–3577, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1002/celc.202000650.
  11. J. E. Harlow et al., “A Wide Range of Testing Results on an Excellent Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistry to be used as Benchmarks for New Battery Technologies,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 166, no. 13, pp. A3031–A3044, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1149/2.0981913jes.
  12. L. Gaines, “Lithium-ion battery recycling processes: Research towards a sustainable course,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 17, p. e00068, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00068.
  13. G. D. J. Harper et al., “Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies,” Journal of Physics: Energy, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 021501, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57.
  14. I. C. Setiawan and M. Setiyo, “Fueling the Future: The Case for Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles in Sustainable Transportation,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2024, doi: 10.31603/ae.11285.
  15. J. E. Dakurah, H. Solmaz, and T. Kocakulak, “Modeling of a PEM Fuel Cell Electric Bus with MATLAB/Simulink,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 252–269, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.31603/ae.11471.
  16. Y. Manoharan et al., “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles; Current Status and Future Prospect,” Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 11, p. 2296, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.3390/app9112296.
  17. J. Wang, J. Geng, M. Wang, X. Hu, Z. Shao, and H. Zhang, “Quantification on degradation mechanisms of polymer exchange membrane fuel cell cathode catalyst layers during bus and stationary durability test protocols,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 521, p. 230878, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230878.
  18. K. Ghasemzadeh, M. Ghahremani, T. Y. Amiri, and A. Basile, “Performance evaluation of Pd Ag membrane reactor in glycerol steam reforming process: Development of the CFD model,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 1000–1009, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.086.
  19. S. Kim, J. Park, S. Heo, and J. H. Lee, “Green hydrogen vs green ammonia: A hierarchical optimization-based integrated temporal approach for comparative techno-economic analysis of international supply chains,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 465, p. 142750, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142750.
  20. L. Schlapbach and A. Züttel, “Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications,” Nature, vol. 414, no. 6861, pp. 353–358, Nov. 2001, doi: 10.1038/35104634.
  21. S. Liu et al., “Hydrogen storage in incompletely etched multilayer Ti2CTx at room temperature,” Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 331–336, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41565-020-00818-8.
  22. S. Özbilen, J. F. B. Vasquez, W. M. Abbott, S. Yin, M. Morris, and R. Lupoi, “Mechanical milling/alloying, characterization and phase formation prediction of Al0.1–0.5(Mn)CoCrCuFeNi-HEA powder feedstocks for cold spray deposition processing,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 961, p. 170854, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170854.
  23. J. Yang et al., “Trimesic acid-Ni based metal organic framework derivative as an effective destabilizer to improve hydrogen storage properties of MgH2,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 46, no. 55, pp. 28134–28143, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.083.
  24. J. Zhao, F. Wang, Q. Ruan, Y. Wu, B. Zhang, and Y. Lu, “Hybrid energy storage systems for fast-developing renewable energy plants,” Journal of Physics: Energy, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 042003, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad6fd4.
  25. N. Saravanan, G. Nagarajan, K. M. Kalaiselvan, and C. Dhanasekaran, “An experimental investigation on hydrogen as a dual fuel for diesel engine system with exhaust gas recirculation technique,” Renewable Energy, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 422–427, Mar. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2007.03.015.
  26. S. Verhelst and T. Wallner, “Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 490–527, Dec. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.08.001.
  27. L. Das, “Exhaust emission characterization of hydrogen-operated engine system: Nature of pollutants and their control techniques,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 765–775, 1991, doi: 10.1016/0360-3199(91)90075-T.
  28. I. F. J. Selvaraj, “Hydrogen buses: an analysis with a focus on India’s hydrogen roadmap,” Politecnico Milano, 2020.
  29. R. R. Gonzales and S.-H. Kim, “Dark fermentative hydrogen production following the sequential dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of rice husk,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 45, pp. 27577–27583, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.185.
  30. S. Kumar et al., “Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India,” Royal Society Open Science, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 160764, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1098/rsos.160764.
  31. T. J. Dijkman and R. M. J. Benders, “Comparison of renewable fuels based on their land use using energy densities,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 3148–3155, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.029.