Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 1222 Download : 644

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

The use of composite materials in brake pads is becoming increasingly popular due to their high-performance characteristics, including good thermal stability, high wear resistance, and low noise generation. However, the development of new composite materials that offer even better performance is still an ongoing research area. In this study, the composite was made by hand layup method using epoxy resin as matrix material, with rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 as reinforcing materials. The composition of the composites was varied by changing the percentage of the reinforcement materials. The composites were then subjected to several characterization tests, including density, hardness, flexural strength, thermal analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), TGA/DSC, and wear testing. The test results showed that additional reinforcement materials to the epoxy resin matrix improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Overall, the study demonstrates that a hand layup method is a viable approach for preparing brake pad composite materials and that the addition of rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 can improve the mechanical properties of the composites. The best properties produced in this research were found in one of the specimens which used epoxy, rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with a composition of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%. However, the addition of rice husk also provides wear resistance and thermal stability. This study contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by advancing innovation, promoting sustainability, and reducing emissions in automotive industry applications.

Keywords

Composites Brake pad Epoxy Rice husk Al2O3 Fe2O3

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

References

  1. A. P. Irawan et al., “Overview of the Important Factors Influencing the Performance of Eco-Friendly Brake Pads,” Polymers, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1180, 2022, doi: 10.3390/polym14061180.
  2. O. R. Adetunji, A. M. Adedayo, S. O. Ismailia, O. U. Dairo, I. K. Okediran, and O. M. Adesusi, “Effect of silica on the mechanical properties of palm kernel shell based automotive brake pad,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–16, 2022, doi: 10.31603/mesi.6178.
  3. T.-A. Berry et al., “Asbestos and Other Hazardous Fibrous Minerals: Potential Exposure Pathways and Associated Health Risks.,” International journal of environmental research and public health, vol. 19, no. 7, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph19074031.
  4. A. Suraya et al., “Asbestos-related lung cancer: A hospital-based case-control study in Indonesia,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijerph17020591.
  5. M. Wildan and A. Hakim, “Effect of The Hole in Disk Brake to The Temperature Distribution on Brake Pad,” Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 2018.
  6. Sukirman, S. Ma’Mun, S. Rusdi, A. Fahruli, and R. E. Yulpando, “Utilization of Corn Cob Waste as an Alternative Composite Material of Motorcycle Non-asbestos Brake Lining,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 778, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/778/1/012009.
  7. A. B. D. Nandiyanto, D. F. Al Husaeni, R. Ragadhita, and T. Kurniawan, “Resin-based Brake Pad from Rice Husk Particles: From Literature Review of Brake Pad from Agricultural Waste to the Techno-Economic Analysis,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 131–149, 2021, doi: 10.31603/ae.5217.
  8. A. B. D. Nandiyanto et al., “The effects of rice husk particles size as a reinforcement component on resin-based brake pad performance: From literature review on the use of agricultural waste as a reinforcement material, chemical polymerization reaction of epoxy resin, to experiments,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 68–82, 2021, doi: 10.31603/ae.4815.
  9. A. B. D. Nandiyanto, D. N. Al Husaeni, R. Ragadhita, M. Fiandini, D. F. Al Husaeni, and M. Aziz, “Resin matrix composition on the performance of brake pads made from durian seeds: From computational bibliometric literature analysis to experiment,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 328–342, 2022, doi: 10.31603/ae.6852.
  10. D. Shinde and K. N. Mistry, “Asbestos base and asbestos free brake lining materials : comparative study,” International Journal of Scientific World, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47, 2017, doi: 10.14419/ijsw.v5i1.7082.
  11. S. S. Lawal, N. A. Ademoh, K. C. Bala, and A. S. Abdulrahman, “A Review of the Compositions, Processing, Materials and Properties of Brake Pad Production,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1378, no. 3, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032103.
  12. H. Nguyen, W. Zatar, and H. Mutsuyoshi, “Mechanical properties of hybrid polymer composite,” in Hybrid Polymer Composite Materials Properties and Characterisation, V. K. Thakur, M. K. Thakur, and A. B. T.-H. P. C. M. Pappu, Eds. Woodhead Publishing, 2017, pp. 83–113.
  13. A. Ogah and T. James, “Mechanical Behavior of Agricultural Waste Fibers Reinforced Vinyl Ester Bio-composites,” Asian Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2018, doi: 10.9734/ajopacs/2018/35841.
  14. M. A. Suhot, M. Z. Hassan, S. A. Aziz, and M. Y. Md Daud, “Recent progress of rice husk reinforced polymer composites: A review,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 15, 2021, doi: 10.3390/polym13152391.
  15. S. Kapoor and Sanjeev, “A Paper Review on Scope of Non Asbestos and Natural Wastes Material,” International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS), vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 107–112, 2016.
  16. K. Paramasivam, J. J. Jayaraj, and K. Ramar, “Evaluation of natural fibers for the production of automotive brake pads replacement for asbestos brake pad Evaluation of Natural Fibers for the Production of Automotive Brake Pads Replacement for Asbestos Brake Pad,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 040005, no. December, pp. 1–9, 2020, doi: 10.1063/5.0034513.
  17. P. Zhang et al., “The effect of Al2O3 fiber additive on braking performance of copper-based brake pads utilized in high-speed railway train,” Tribology International, vol. 135, pp. 444–456, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2019.03.034.
  18. R. J. Talib, M. Hisyam Basri, N. I. Ismail, R. Rabilah, and M. A. Selamat, “Influence of iron oxide powders on braking performance of brake friction materials,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. SI 4, no. 1, pp. 129–142, 2017.
  19. W. Xu, C. Fu, M. Zhong, G. Xie, and X. Xie, “Effect of type and content of iron powder on the formation of oxidized film and tribological properties of Cu-matrix composites,” Materials & Design, vol. 214, p. 110383, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110383.
  20. W. E. Primaningtyas, R. R. Sakura, Suheni, I. Syafi’I, and A. A. G. A. D. Adhyaksa, “Asbestos-free Brake Pad Using Composite Polymer Strengthened with Rice Husk Powder,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 462, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/462/1/012015.
  21. B. Singh, “13 - Rice husk ash,” in Waste and Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete Characterisation, Properties and Applications, R. Siddique and P. B. T.-W. and S. C. M. in C. Cachim, Eds. Woodhead Publishing, 2018, pp. 417–460.
  22. Y. Zhang, A. E. Ghaly, and B. Li, “Physical properties of rice residues as affected by variety and climatic and cultivation onditions in three continents,” American Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1757–1768, 2013, doi: 10.3844/ajassp.2012.1757.1768.
  23. A. Sharma, M. Choudhary, P. Agarwal, S. K. Biswas, and A. Patnaik, “Effect of micro-sized marble dust on mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of needle-punched nonwoven jute fiber reinforced polymer composites,” Polymer Composites, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 881–898, 2021, doi: 10.1002/pc.25873.
  24. Sigma-Aldrich Pte Ltd, “Iron(III) Oxide, Safety Data Sheet no 310050,” no. 1907, pp. 1–10, 2023.
  25. D. Nagrockiene, A. Rutkauskas, I. Pundiene, and I. Girniene, “The Effect of Silica Fume Addition on the Resistance of Concrete to Alkali Silica Reaction,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 660, no. 1, pp. 0–8, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/660/1/012031.
  26. N. Bisht, P. C. Gope, and N. Rani, “Rice husk as a fibre in composites: A review,” Journal of the mechanical behavior of materials, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 147–162, 2020, doi: 10.1515/jmbm-2020-0015.
  27. J. Cigasova, N. Stevulova, I. Schwarzova, and J. Junak, “Innovative use of biomass based on technical hemp in building industry,” Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol. 37, no. January, pp. 685–690, 2014, doi: 10.3303/CET1437115.
  28. Y. yan Zhang, K. qin Feng, Y. Shui, S. tan Chen, and Y. fang Liu, “Influence of phosphorus on iron-based friction material prepared directly from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates,” Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 669–678, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s42243-021-00565-7.
  29. Y. A. Ergün, “Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composite Materials Produced with Different Ceramic Powders,” Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, vol. 07, no. 12, pp. 1–8, 2019, doi: 10.4236/msce.2019.712001.
  30. H. Shivakumar, N. M. Renukappa, K. N. Shivakumar, and B. Suresha, “The Reinforcing Effect of Graphene on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon-Epoxy Composites,” Open Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 10, no. 02, pp. 27–44, 2020, doi: 10.4236/ojcm.2020.102003.
  31. D. F. Fitriyana et al., “The Effect of Compressed Air Pressure and Stand-off Distance on the Twin Wire Arc Spray (TWAS) Coating for Pump Impeller from AISI 304 Stainless Steel,” Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol. 242, pp. 119–130, 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-2294-9_11.
  32. T. A. Amadji et al., “Experimental investigation on physical and mechanical properties of a recycled polymer composite material as a function of the filler size To cite this version : HAL Id : hal-02922025 Experimental Investigation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of a W,” HAL open sciences, 2020.
  33. J. Abutu, S. A. Lawal, M. B. Ndaliman, R. A. Lafia-Araga, O. Adedipe, and I. A. Choudhury, “Production and characterization of brake pad developed from coconut shell reinforcement material using central composite design,” SN Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s42452-018-0084-x.
  34. A. L. Crǎciun, C. Pinca-Bretotean, C. Birtok-Bǎneasǎ, and A. Josan, “Composites materials for friction and braking application,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 200, no. 1, 2017, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/200/1/012009.
  35. T. Pal, S. Pramanik, K. D. Verma, S. Z. Naqvi, P. K. Manna, and K. K. Kar, “6 - Fly ash-reinforced polypropylene composites,” in Handbook of Fly Ash, K. K. B. T.-H. of F. A. Kar, Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2022, pp. 243–270.
  36. K. N. Shivakumar, W. H. Brown, and K. A. Imran, “Fly Ash Composites , A Step toward Pond Ash Composites,” Coal Combustion and Gasification Products, no. June, 2019, doi: 10.4177/CCGP-D-18-00014.1.
  37. J. Abutu, S. A. Lawal, M. B. Ndaliman, R. A. Lafia-Araga, O. Adedipe, and I. A. Choudhury, “Effects of process parameters on the properties of brake pad developed from seashell as reinforcement material using grey relational analysis,” Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 787–797, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2018.05.014.
  38. N. Kumar, V. Mehta, S. Kumar, J. S. Grewal, and S. Ali, “Bamboo natural fiber and PAN fiber used as a reinforced brake friction material: Developed asbestos-free brake pads,” Polymer Composites, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 2888–2895, 2022, doi: 10.1002/pc.26584.
  39. D. F. Fitriyana et al., “The effect of hydroxyapatite concentration on the mechanical properties and degradation rate of biocomposite for biomedical applications,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 969, no. 1, p. 12045, 2022, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/969/1/012045.
  40. G. Wypych, “The Effect Of Fillers On The Mechanical Properties Of Filled Materials,” in Handbook of Fillers (Fourth Edition), G. B. T.-H. of F. (Fourth E. Wypych, Ed. ChemTec Publishing, 2016, pp. 467–531.
  41. M. K. Hossain et al., “Enhanced mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites by incorporating XD-grade carbon nanotube,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 49, no. 18, pp. 2251–2263, 2015, doi: 10.1177/0021998314545186.
  42. M. R. Islam, M. Rivai, A. Gupta, and M. D. H. Beg, “Characterization of ultrasound-treated oil palm empty fruit bunch-glass fiber-recycled polypropylene hybrid composites,” Journal of Polymer Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 135–143, 2015, doi: 10.1515/polyeng-2014-0132.
  43. I. T. Maulana, A. P. Rusdja, E. Surojo, N. Muhayat, and W. W. Raharjo, “Effect of the Cantala fiber on flexural strength of composite friction brake,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2018, vol. 1977, no. June, doi: 10.1063/1.5042951.
  44. R. Arsada, E. Surojo, D. Ariawan, N. Muhayat, and W. W. Raharjo, “Effect of NBR (Nitrile Butadiene Rubber) on flexural strength of composite friction brake,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 420, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012057.
  45. B. Sugözü and İ. Sugözü, “Examination of the Tribological Properties of Brake Pads with Different Hardness Characteristics,” Journal of Current Research on Engineering, vol. 7, pp. 219–224, 2021, doi: 10.26579/jocrest.83.
  46. M. Unaldi and R. Kus, “Effect of pressing pressure on density and hardness of powder miscanthus reinforced brake pads,” Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 680, pp. 237–240, 2014, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.680.237.
  47. Z. Ammar, H. Ibrahim, M. Adly, I. Sarris, and S. Mehanny, “Influence of Natural Fiber Content on the Frictional Material of Brake Pads—A Review,” Journal of Composites Science, vol. 7, no. 2. 2023, doi: 10.3390/jcs7020072.
  48. D. S. Yawas, S. Y. Aku, and S. G. Amaren, “Morphology and properties of periwinkle shell asbestos-free brake pad,” Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 103–109, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2013.11.002.
  49. P. Smith, “CHAPTER 3 - Metallic Materials for Piping Components,” in The Fundamentals of Piping Design, P. B. T.-T. F. of P. D. Smith, Ed. Gulf Publishing Company, 2007, pp. 115–136.
  50. I. Sugozu, I. Can, and C. Oner, “Investigation of using Calabrian pine cone dust and borax in brake pads,” Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 678–684, 2014, doi: 10.1108/ILT-03-2012-0029.
  51. A. P. and D. S. A.N. Kasim, M.Z. Selamat ,M.A.M. Daud , M.Y. Yaakob, “Mechanical properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with alkaline treated pineapple leaf fibre from Josapine cultivar,” International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering (IJAME), vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 3157–3167, 2016, doi: 10.15282/ijame.13.1.2016.3.0263.
  52. M. A. Kurniawan, Y. Prasetiyo, S. Srianto, A. E. Fahmadi, and R. Rifano, “Characterization of Brake Pads by Variation in Composition of Teak Wood Powder and Rice Husk Ash,” RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 190–197, 2022, doi: 10.31098/cset.v2i2.572.
  53. I. K. A. Atmika, I. D. G. A. Subagia, I. W. Surata, and I. N. Sutantra, “Hardness and wear rate of basalt/alumina/shellfish powder reinforced phenolic resin matrix hybrid composite brake lining pads,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 539, no. 1, pp. 0–6, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/539/1/012012.
  54. M. Kadivar and B. Azarhoushang, “12 - Kinematics and material removal mechanisms of loose abrasive machining,” in Tribology and Fundamentals of Abrasive Machining Processes (Third Edition), B. Azarhoushang, I. D. Marinescu, W. Brian Rowe, B. Dimitrov, and H. B. T.-T. and F. of A. M. P. (Third E. Ohmori, Eds. William Andrew Publishing, 2022, pp. 507–536.
  55. I. Sulima and P. Hyjek, “Effect of Test Conditions on Wear Properties of Steel-Matrix Composites,” Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering, vol. 43, no. 4, p. 269, 2017, doi: 10.7494/mafe.2017.43.4.269.
  56. E. Y. Setyawan, S. Djiwo, D. H. Praswanto, and P. Siagian, “Effect of cocopeat and brass powder composition as a filler on wear resistance properties,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 725, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/725/1/012041.
  57. N. Chand and M. Fahim, “7 - Wood-reinforced polymer composites,” in Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, N. Chand and M. B. T.-T. of N. F. P. C. (Second E. Fahim, Eds. Woodhead Publishing, 2021, pp. 177–191.
  58. S. Nugroho et al., “The Effect of Surface Hardening on The HQ 705 Steel Camshaft Using Static Induction Hardening and Tempering Method,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 343–354, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.31603/ae.7029.
  59. D. F. Fitriyana et al., “The Effect of Post-Heat Treatment on The Mechanical Properties of FeCrBMnSi Coatings Prepared by Twin Wire Arc Spraying ( TWAS ) Method on Pump Impeller From 304 Stainless Steel,” Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 138–147, 2022, doi: 10.37934/arfmts.93.2.138147.
  60. Z. Liao, N. Hua, W. Chen, Y. Huang, and T. Zhang, “Correlations between the wear resistance and properties of bulk metallic glasses,” Intermetallics, vol. 93, no. October, pp. 290–298, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.10.008.
  61. M. D. O. Lubis and D. T. Putranti, “Pengaruh Penambahan Aluminium Oksida Pada Bahan Basis Gigi Tiruan Resin Akrilik Polimerisasi Panas Terhadap Kekerasan Dan Kekasaran Permukaan,” B-Dent: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Baiturrahmah, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2019, doi: 10.33854/jbd.v6i1.202.
  62. R. C. Mohapatra, “Experimental and Numerical Study on Thermal Conductivity of Rice Husk Filled Epoxy Composites,” OALib, vol. 05, no. 07, pp. 1–11, 2018, doi: 10.4236/oalib.1104661.
  63. V. Mahale, J. Bijwe, and S. Sinha, “A step towards replacing copper in brake-pads by using stainless steel swarf,” Wear, vol. 424–425, no. February, pp. 133–142, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2019.02.019.
  64. C. M. Ruzaidi, H. Kamarudin, J. B. Shamsul, A. M. M. Al Bakri, and J. Liyana, “Mechanical properties and morphology of palm slag, calcium carbonate and dolomite filler in brake pad composites,” Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 313–314, no. March, pp. 174–178, 2013, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.313-314.174.
  65. S. Pujari and S. Srikiran, “Experimental investigations on wear properties of Palm kernel reinforced composites for brake pad applications,” Defence Technology, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 295–299, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2018.11.006.
  66. C. Pramono, X. Salahudin, I. Taufik, A. Bagaskara, and D. M. Irawan, “Study of mechanical properties of composite strengthened mango seed powder (mangifera indica cultivar manalagi), brass, and magnesium oxide for brake pads material,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1517, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1517/1/012012.
  67. H. M. Ng, N. M. Saidi, F. S. Omar, K. Ramesh, S. Ramesh, and S. Bashir, “Thermogravimetric Analysis of Polymers,” Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, no. January 2019, pp. 1–29, 2018, doi: 10.1002/0471440264.pst667.
  68. T. Cionita et al., “The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites,” Polymers, vol. 14, no. 15, pp. 1–17, 2022, doi: 10.3390/polym14153063.
  69. S. Baskar, V. Vijayan, S. Saravanan, A. . Balan, and A. . Antony, “Effect Of Al2o3, Aluminium Alloy And Fly Ash For Making Engine Component,” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 91–96, 2018.
  70. Sigma-Aldrich Pte Ltd, “Aluminum oxide, Safety Data Sheet no a1552,” 2021.
  71. M. A. Islam, M. A. Chowdhury, M. B. A. Shuvho, M. A. Aziz, and M. Kchaou, “Thermal analysis of hybrid composites reinforced with Al2O3 and SiO2 filler particles,” Materials Research Express, vol. 6, no. 12, 2019, doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab6489.
  72. P. Ghosh, K. Naskar, and N. C. Das, “Enhancement of tribological and thermo-mechanical properties of phenolic resin friction composites by improving interactions between elastomeric phase and matrix resin,” SN Applied Sciences, vol. 2, no. 11, p. 1912, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s42452-020-03728-5.
  73. D. Carlevaris, C. Menapace, G. Straffelini, and L. Fambri, “Characterization of benzoxazine resins for brake pad friction materials manufacturing,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 767–787, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10973-022-11789-4.
  74. S. D. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development,” 2023.

Most read articles by the same author(s)