Design, fabrication, and performance testing of an energy storage and return (ESAR) foot prosthesis made of prepreg carbon composite
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 14, 2025
Main Article Content
Abstract
The high demand for prosthetics in Indonesia is not followed by the ability and quality of local production to fulfill the community's needs. There is a lack of comprehensive data regarding the specific challenges encountered by local prosthetic manufacturers in Indonesia, particularly in terms of technological limitations. This study aims to understand the effect of design parameters on the performance of the energy storage and return (ESAR) foot prosthesis prototype in normal walking activities for amputees. Three different designs were created according to commercial products, and a convergence test was conducted to ensure accurate results. Finite element method (FEM) analysis was used to determine the amount of deformation that occurred in each design made when applied with 824 N axial force. The ESAR foot prosthesis prototype made from carbon prepreg was fabricated using an out-of-autoclave method, and the mechanical testing was performed with a compressive test. The results indicated that the optimal design for the ESAR foot prosthesis determined by the decision matrix scoring criteria was Design 3. The final scores for Designs 1, 2, and 3 were 54, 53, and 77, respectively. Design 3 is the easiest to manufacture, has the slightest complexity, and the lightest mass, and undergoes the least deformation during simulation, although it is the least attractive. The study found a significant difference in displacement between the deflections obtained from simulation and experiment. This occurred because the prototype was found to have delamination, which decreased the load-bearing ability of the prototype during compressive testing. Compressive testing on the prototype yielded a deflection of 22.695 mm in heel strike and 18.065 mm in toe-off positions, while FEM analysis showed 16.377 mm and 3.912 mm. Therefore, strict quality control is essential, especially when using materials such as carbon prepreg, which are prone to delamination if not properly processed.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
[1] Kemenko PMK, “Pemerintah Penuhi Hak Penyandang Disabilitas di Indonesia,” 2023. https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/pemerintah-penuhi-hak-penyandang-disabilitas-di-indonesia.
[2] N. Sharma, V. Pratap Yadav, and A. Sharma, “Attitudes and empathy of youth towards physically disabled persons.,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 8, p. e07852, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07852.
[3] N. Muller-Kluits, “The experiences of family caregivers of persons with physical disabilities,” University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2017.
[4] A. Pavlidou and A. Sarantaki, “Experiences of Physically Disabled Women during Childbirth. A Systematic Review of the Latest Literature.,” Maedica, vol. 16, no. 4. Romania, pp. 685–694, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.26574/maedica.2020.16.4.685.
[5] G. Bastas, “Chapter 120 - Lower Limb Amputations,” in Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Fourth Edition), W. R. Frontera, J. K. Silver, and T. D. B. T.-E. of P. M. and R. (Fourth E. Rizzo, Eds. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2020, pp. 658–663.
[6] S. Manz et al., “A review of user needs to drive the development of lower limb prostheses,” Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 119, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s12984-022-01097-1.
[7] A. M. Dietzek and L. A. Scher, “Lower extremity amputation,” Handbook of Vascular Surgery, pp. 287–306, 2001, doi: 10.1201/b14225-16.
[8] G. Fiedler, J. Akins, R. Cooper, S. Munoz, and R. A. Cooper, “Rehabilitation of People with Lower-Limb Amputations,” Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 263–272, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s40141-014-0068-8.
[9] S. Debta and K. Kumar, “Biomedical Design of Powered Ankle- Foot Prosthesis – A Review,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 2, Part 1, pp. 3273–3282, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.569.
[10] Badan Pusat Statistik, “Data Ekspor Impor Nasional,” 2023. https://www.bps.go.id/id/exim.
[11] D. Suryawan, M. Ridlwan, and A. Setiadi, “Inovasi Desain dan Simulasi Model Prostesis Bawah Lutut Berdasarkan Antropometri Orang Indonesia,” Jurnal Teknik Mesin Indonesia, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 30–36, 2019, doi: 10.36289/jtmi.v14i1.112.
[12] Dahono Fitrianto, “Alvin Raditya Tanto, Inovasi Kaki dan Tangan Palsu,” Kompas.id, 2023. https://www.kompas.id/baca/tokoh/2023/04/11/inovator-kaki-dan-tangan-palsu.
[13] M. Schlafly and K. B. Reed, “Novel passive ankle-foot prosthesis mimics able-bodied ankle angles and ground reaction forces.,” Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon), vol. 72, pp. 202–210, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.12.016.
[14] C. Gardiner, G. Geldenhuys, and M. Gott, “Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: an integrative review.,” Health & social care in the community, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 147–157, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1111/hsc.12367.
[15] H. Houdijk, D. Wezenberg, L. Hak, and A. G. Cutti, “Energy storing and return prosthetic feet improve step length symmetry while preserving margins of stability in persons with transtibial amputation.,” Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, vol. 15, no. Suppl 1, p. 76, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1186/s12984-018-0404-9.
[16] A. F. Istiqomah et al., “Design and Analysis of The Energy Storage and Return (ESAR) Foot Prosthesis Using Finite Element Method,” Journal of Biomedical Science and Bioengineering, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 59–64, 2022, doi: 10.14710/jbiomes.2021.v1i2.59-64.
[17] P. V Sneha, M. N. Pratiksha, and B. K. Abhijit, “Design and Development of Prosthetic Legs,” International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, no. April, pp. 91–95, 2019, doi: 10.31033/ijemr.9.2.04.
[18] A. J. Sitek, G. T. Yamaguchi, D. E. Herring, C. J. Willems, D. S. Boninger, and R. M. Boninger, “Development of an Inexpensive Upper-Extremity Prosthesis for Use in Developing Countries,” JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, vol. 16, pp. 94–102, 2004.
[19] S. den Dunnen, “The design of an adaptive finger mechanism for a hand prosthesis,” TU Delft, Delft, 2009.
[20] J. Craig, “Prosthetic Feet for Low-Income Countries,” Jpo Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, vol. 17, no. 47–49, 2005.
[21] J. K. Oleiwi and A. N. Hadi, “Properties of Materials and Models of Prosthetic Feet: A Review,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1094, no. 1, p. 012151, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012151.
[22] Y. Subagyo et al., “Development of magnesium biocomposites with hydroxyapatite or carbonate apatite reinforcement as implant candidates: A review,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 152–165, 2023, doi: 10.31603/mesi.10389.
[23] B. Priwintoko, R. Ismail, D. F. Fitriyana, Y. Subagyo, and A. P. Bayuseno, “Effect of sintering temperature and polyvinyl alcohol composition as binder on the formation of porous hydroxyapatite as bone graft using sponge replication method: A review,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 136–151, 2023, doi: 10.31603/mesi.10397.
[24] A. A. B. M. Isa, N. Nosbi, M. C. Ismail, H. M. Akil, W. F. F. W. Ali, and M. F. Omar, “A Review on Recycling of Carbon Fibres: Methods to Reinforce and Expected Fibre Composite Degradations,” Materials, vol. 15, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15144991.
[25] H. K. Talla, A. K. Hassan, and J. K. Oleiwi, “Study the Effect of Reinforcing Kevlar Fibers with Carbon Fibers and Glass Fibers on the Performance of the Athletic Prosthetic Foot,” Basrah journal for engineering science, 2022.
[26] R. Petersen, “Carbon Fiber Biocompatibility for Implants.,” Fibers (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 4, no. 1, 2016, doi: 10.3390/fib4010001.
[27] D. Hernández-Lara, R. G. Rodríguez-Cañizo, E. A. Merchán-Cruz, Á. M. Santiago-Miguel, E. T. Juárez-Velázquez, and C. A. Trejo-Villanueva, “Optimal design of a foot prosthesis insole with composite materials applying metaheuristic algorithms,” Results in Engineering, vol. 13, p. 100322, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100322.
[28] B. Sehar et al., “The Impact of Laminations on the Mechanical Strength of Carbon-Fiber Composites for Prosthetic Foot Fabrication,” Crystals, vol. 12, no. 10. 2022, doi: 10.3390/cryst12101429.
[29] M. Hamzah and A. Gatta, “Design of a Novel Carbon-Fiber Ankle-Foot Prosthetic using Finite Element Modeling,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 433, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012056.
[30] H.-T. Pham, T.-V. Phan, and V. Mai, “Optimization Design of a Carbon Fibre Prosthetic Foot for Amputee,” Acta Scientific Orthopaedics, vol. 3, pp. 16–21, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.31080/ASOR.2020.03.0213.
[31] S. H. Abood and M. H. Faidh-Allah, “Analysis of prosthetic running blade of limb using different composite materials,” Journal of Engineering, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 15–25, 2019, doi: 10.31026/j.eng.2019.12.02.
[32] M. J. Jweeg, S. S. Hassan, and A. S. Hamid, “Impact testing of new athletic prosthetic foot,” International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://www.ossur.com/en-gb/professionals/catalogues.
[33] M. Hamzah, A. Merza, and L. Ali, “Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Athletic Prosthetic Feet Made of Fiber Glass Reinforced Epoxy,” in 1st IJRTESS–2017 First International Conference on Recent Trends of Engineering Sciences and Sustainability, 2017, pp. 26–31.
[34] Resource Center, “The Össur Prosthetics Catalog,” 2021.
[35] H. Tryggvason, F. Starker, C. Lecomte, and F. Jonsdottir, “Use of Dynamic FEA for Design Modification and Energy Analysis of a Variable Stiffness Prosthetic Foot,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.3390/app10020650.
[36] G. Cui, Y. Xiong, and D. Y. Wang, “Field test study on large deformation control of strongly weathered carbonaceous slate tunnel in high geostress,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, 2023.
[37] M. V Erpalov and V. Khotinov, “Application of the Method for Optical Measuring the Neck Profile to Determine the Hardening Curve of Aluminum from the Results of the Tensile Test,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 910, pp. 1032–1039, 2022, doi: 10.4028/p-45r2jh.
[38] ISO 10328, “Prostheics - Structural testing of lower - limb protheses -Requirements and test methods,” 2016.
[39] M. F. Hassan, M. Z. Safiee, N. H. M. Nor, M. N. A. Rahman, and I. Masood, “Integration of ECQFD and weighted decision matrix for selection of Eco-design alternatives,” International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 27–33, 2016, doi: 10.12962/j23373539.v9i2.58569 Abstract.
[40] “Epoxy Pegpreg-Qingdao Regal New Material Co., LTD.” http://www.qdruigao.com/en/index.php/download.html.
[41] R. K. Dhana and J. B. Ariatedja, “Analisis Kekuatan Body Terhadap Impact Pada Mobil Flood Rescue Vehicle Dengan Menggunakan Metode Elemen Hingga,” Jurnal Teknik ITS, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. E311–E316, 2021, doi: 10.12962/j23373539.v9i2.58569.
[42] Y. Song et al., “Performance Test for Laminated-Type Prosthetic Foot with Composite Plates,” International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1777–1786, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12541-019-00156-3.
[43] The American Orthotic and Prosthetic Association (AOPA), “AOPA’S PROSTHETIC FOOT PROJECT,” 2007.
[44] S. N. A. B. Safri, M. T. H. Sultan, and M. Jawaid, “Damage analysis of glass fiber reinforced composites,” in Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp. 133–147.
[45] A. Chermoshentseva, M. Pokrovskiy, and L. Bokhoeva, “The behavior of delaminations in composite materials - experimental results,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 116, p. 12005, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/116/1/012005.
[46] M. J. Suriani, H. Z. Rapi, R. A. Ilyas, M. Petrů, and S. M. Sapuan, “Delamination and Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composite: A Review.,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 8, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3390/polym13081323.
[47] K. Dransfield, C. Baillie, and Y.-W. Mai, “Improving the delamination resistance of CFRP by stitching—a review,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 305–317, 1994, doi: 10.1016/0266-3538(94)90019-1.
[48] N. Dubary, G. Taconet, C. Bouvet, and B. Vieille, “Influence of temperature on the impact behavior and damage tolerance of hybrid woven-ply thermoplastic laminates for aeronautical applications,” Composite Structures, vol. 168, pp. 663–674, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.02.040.
[49] T. A. Khan, H. Kim, and H.-J. Kim, “Fatigue delamination of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites,” in Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp. 1–28.
[50] J. Babu, T. Sunny, N. A. Paul, K. P. Mohan, J. W. Philip, and J. P. Davim, “Assessment of delamination in composite materials: A review,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, vol. 230, pp. 1990–2003, 2016, doi: 10.1177/0954405415619343.
[51] P. P. Camanho and C. G. Dávila, “Mixed-Mode Decohesion Finite Elements for the Simulation of Delamination in Composite Materials,” 2002.
[52] H. Zhang, P. Zhu, Z. Liu, S. Qi, and Y. Zhu, “Research on prediction method of mechanical properties of open-hole laminated plain woven CFRP composites considering drilling-induced delamination damage,” Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, vol. 28, pp. 2515–2530, 2020, doi: 10.1080/15376494.2020.1745969.
[2] N. Sharma, V. Pratap Yadav, and A. Sharma, “Attitudes and empathy of youth towards physically disabled persons.,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 8, p. e07852, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07852.
[3] N. Muller-Kluits, “The experiences of family caregivers of persons with physical disabilities,” University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2017.
[4] A. Pavlidou and A. Sarantaki, “Experiences of Physically Disabled Women during Childbirth. A Systematic Review of the Latest Literature.,” Maedica, vol. 16, no. 4. Romania, pp. 685–694, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.26574/maedica.2020.16.4.685.
[5] G. Bastas, “Chapter 120 - Lower Limb Amputations,” in Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Fourth Edition), W. R. Frontera, J. K. Silver, and T. D. B. T.-E. of P. M. and R. (Fourth E. Rizzo, Eds. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2020, pp. 658–663.
[6] S. Manz et al., “A review of user needs to drive the development of lower limb prostheses,” Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 119, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s12984-022-01097-1.
[7] A. M. Dietzek and L. A. Scher, “Lower extremity amputation,” Handbook of Vascular Surgery, pp. 287–306, 2001, doi: 10.1201/b14225-16.
[8] G. Fiedler, J. Akins, R. Cooper, S. Munoz, and R. A. Cooper, “Rehabilitation of People with Lower-Limb Amputations,” Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 263–272, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s40141-014-0068-8.
[9] S. Debta and K. Kumar, “Biomedical Design of Powered Ankle- Foot Prosthesis – A Review,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 2, Part 1, pp. 3273–3282, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.569.
[10] Badan Pusat Statistik, “Data Ekspor Impor Nasional,” 2023. https://www.bps.go.id/id/exim.
[11] D. Suryawan, M. Ridlwan, and A. Setiadi, “Inovasi Desain dan Simulasi Model Prostesis Bawah Lutut Berdasarkan Antropometri Orang Indonesia,” Jurnal Teknik Mesin Indonesia, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 30–36, 2019, doi: 10.36289/jtmi.v14i1.112.
[12] Dahono Fitrianto, “Alvin Raditya Tanto, Inovasi Kaki dan Tangan Palsu,” Kompas.id, 2023. https://www.kompas.id/baca/tokoh/2023/04/11/inovator-kaki-dan-tangan-palsu.
[13] M. Schlafly and K. B. Reed, “Novel passive ankle-foot prosthesis mimics able-bodied ankle angles and ground reaction forces.,” Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon), vol. 72, pp. 202–210, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.12.016.
[14] C. Gardiner, G. Geldenhuys, and M. Gott, “Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: an integrative review.,” Health & social care in the community, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 147–157, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1111/hsc.12367.
[15] H. Houdijk, D. Wezenberg, L. Hak, and A. G. Cutti, “Energy storing and return prosthetic feet improve step length symmetry while preserving margins of stability in persons with transtibial amputation.,” Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, vol. 15, no. Suppl 1, p. 76, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1186/s12984-018-0404-9.
[16] A. F. Istiqomah et al., “Design and Analysis of The Energy Storage and Return (ESAR) Foot Prosthesis Using Finite Element Method,” Journal of Biomedical Science and Bioengineering, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 59–64, 2022, doi: 10.14710/jbiomes.2021.v1i2.59-64.
[17] P. V Sneha, M. N. Pratiksha, and B. K. Abhijit, “Design and Development of Prosthetic Legs,” International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, no. April, pp. 91–95, 2019, doi: 10.31033/ijemr.9.2.04.
[18] A. J. Sitek, G. T. Yamaguchi, D. E. Herring, C. J. Willems, D. S. Boninger, and R. M. Boninger, “Development of an Inexpensive Upper-Extremity Prosthesis for Use in Developing Countries,” JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, vol. 16, pp. 94–102, 2004.
[19] S. den Dunnen, “The design of an adaptive finger mechanism for a hand prosthesis,” TU Delft, Delft, 2009.
[20] J. Craig, “Prosthetic Feet for Low-Income Countries,” Jpo Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, vol. 17, no. 47–49, 2005.
[21] J. K. Oleiwi and A. N. Hadi, “Properties of Materials and Models of Prosthetic Feet: A Review,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1094, no. 1, p. 012151, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012151.
[22] Y. Subagyo et al., “Development of magnesium biocomposites with hydroxyapatite or carbonate apatite reinforcement as implant candidates: A review,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 152–165, 2023, doi: 10.31603/mesi.10389.
[23] B. Priwintoko, R. Ismail, D. F. Fitriyana, Y. Subagyo, and A. P. Bayuseno, “Effect of sintering temperature and polyvinyl alcohol composition as binder on the formation of porous hydroxyapatite as bone graft using sponge replication method: A review,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 136–151, 2023, doi: 10.31603/mesi.10397.
[24] A. A. B. M. Isa, N. Nosbi, M. C. Ismail, H. M. Akil, W. F. F. W. Ali, and M. F. Omar, “A Review on Recycling of Carbon Fibres: Methods to Reinforce and Expected Fibre Composite Degradations,” Materials, vol. 15, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15144991.
[25] H. K. Talla, A. K. Hassan, and J. K. Oleiwi, “Study the Effect of Reinforcing Kevlar Fibers with Carbon Fibers and Glass Fibers on the Performance of the Athletic Prosthetic Foot,” Basrah journal for engineering science, 2022.
[26] R. Petersen, “Carbon Fiber Biocompatibility for Implants.,” Fibers (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 4, no. 1, 2016, doi: 10.3390/fib4010001.
[27] D. Hernández-Lara, R. G. Rodríguez-Cañizo, E. A. Merchán-Cruz, Á. M. Santiago-Miguel, E. T. Juárez-Velázquez, and C. A. Trejo-Villanueva, “Optimal design of a foot prosthesis insole with composite materials applying metaheuristic algorithms,” Results in Engineering, vol. 13, p. 100322, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100322.
[28] B. Sehar et al., “The Impact of Laminations on the Mechanical Strength of Carbon-Fiber Composites for Prosthetic Foot Fabrication,” Crystals, vol. 12, no. 10. 2022, doi: 10.3390/cryst12101429.
[29] M. Hamzah and A. Gatta, “Design of a Novel Carbon-Fiber Ankle-Foot Prosthetic using Finite Element Modeling,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 433, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012056.
[30] H.-T. Pham, T.-V. Phan, and V. Mai, “Optimization Design of a Carbon Fibre Prosthetic Foot for Amputee,” Acta Scientific Orthopaedics, vol. 3, pp. 16–21, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.31080/ASOR.2020.03.0213.
[31] S. H. Abood and M. H. Faidh-Allah, “Analysis of prosthetic running blade of limb using different composite materials,” Journal of Engineering, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 15–25, 2019, doi: 10.31026/j.eng.2019.12.02.
[32] M. J. Jweeg, S. S. Hassan, and A. S. Hamid, “Impact testing of new athletic prosthetic foot,” International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://www.ossur.com/en-gb/professionals/catalogues.
[33] M. Hamzah, A. Merza, and L. Ali, “Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Athletic Prosthetic Feet Made of Fiber Glass Reinforced Epoxy,” in 1st IJRTESS–2017 First International Conference on Recent Trends of Engineering Sciences and Sustainability, 2017, pp. 26–31.
[34] Resource Center, “The Össur Prosthetics Catalog,” 2021.
[35] H. Tryggvason, F. Starker, C. Lecomte, and F. Jonsdottir, “Use of Dynamic FEA for Design Modification and Energy Analysis of a Variable Stiffness Prosthetic Foot,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.3390/app10020650.
[36] G. Cui, Y. Xiong, and D. Y. Wang, “Field test study on large deformation control of strongly weathered carbonaceous slate tunnel in high geostress,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, 2023.
[37] M. V Erpalov and V. Khotinov, “Application of the Method for Optical Measuring the Neck Profile to Determine the Hardening Curve of Aluminum from the Results of the Tensile Test,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 910, pp. 1032–1039, 2022, doi: 10.4028/p-45r2jh.
[38] ISO 10328, “Prostheics - Structural testing of lower - limb protheses -Requirements and test methods,” 2016.
[39] M. F. Hassan, M. Z. Safiee, N. H. M. Nor, M. N. A. Rahman, and I. Masood, “Integration of ECQFD and weighted decision matrix for selection of Eco-design alternatives,” International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 27–33, 2016, doi: 10.12962/j23373539.v9i2.58569 Abstract.
[40] “Epoxy Pegpreg-Qingdao Regal New Material Co., LTD.” http://www.qdruigao.com/en/index.php/download.html.
[41] R. K. Dhana and J. B. Ariatedja, “Analisis Kekuatan Body Terhadap Impact Pada Mobil Flood Rescue Vehicle Dengan Menggunakan Metode Elemen Hingga,” Jurnal Teknik ITS, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. E311–E316, 2021, doi: 10.12962/j23373539.v9i2.58569.
[42] Y. Song et al., “Performance Test for Laminated-Type Prosthetic Foot with Composite Plates,” International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1777–1786, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12541-019-00156-3.
[43] The American Orthotic and Prosthetic Association (AOPA), “AOPA’S PROSTHETIC FOOT PROJECT,” 2007.
[44] S. N. A. B. Safri, M. T. H. Sultan, and M. Jawaid, “Damage analysis of glass fiber reinforced composites,” in Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp. 133–147.
[45] A. Chermoshentseva, M. Pokrovskiy, and L. Bokhoeva, “The behavior of delaminations in composite materials - experimental results,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 116, p. 12005, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/116/1/012005.
[46] M. J. Suriani, H. Z. Rapi, R. A. Ilyas, M. Petrů, and S. M. Sapuan, “Delamination and Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composite: A Review.,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 8, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3390/polym13081323.
[47] K. Dransfield, C. Baillie, and Y.-W. Mai, “Improving the delamination resistance of CFRP by stitching—a review,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 305–317, 1994, doi: 10.1016/0266-3538(94)90019-1.
[48] N. Dubary, G. Taconet, C. Bouvet, and B. Vieille, “Influence of temperature on the impact behavior and damage tolerance of hybrid woven-ply thermoplastic laminates for aeronautical applications,” Composite Structures, vol. 168, pp. 663–674, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.02.040.
[49] T. A. Khan, H. Kim, and H.-J. Kim, “Fatigue delamination of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites,” in Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp. 1–28.
[50] J. Babu, T. Sunny, N. A. Paul, K. P. Mohan, J. W. Philip, and J. P. Davim, “Assessment of delamination in composite materials: A review,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, vol. 230, pp. 1990–2003, 2016, doi: 10.1177/0954405415619343.
[51] P. P. Camanho and C. G. Dávila, “Mixed-Mode Decohesion Finite Elements for the Simulation of Delamination in Composite Materials,” 2002.
[52] H. Zhang, P. Zhu, Z. Liu, S. Qi, and Y. Zhu, “Research on prediction method of mechanical properties of open-hole laminated plain woven CFRP composites considering drilling-induced delamination damage,” Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, vol. 28, pp. 2515–2530, 2020, doi: 10.1080/15376494.2020.1745969.