The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of the dissimilar ASTM A36 steels and 316L stainless steels welding in varied temperature of FeCl2
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Jun 28, 2025
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Abstract
Obtaining perfect dissimilar welding joints, which are exposed to corrosive environments still a problem up to now. The ASTM A36 and 316L stainless steels, dissimilar metals, were joined using Capacitive Discharge Welding (CDW). The welding parameters, such as distance between metals, pressure, applied energy, and surface parameters, were kept constant. The FeCl2 corrosive solution concentration was also kept constant at 0.5M. The temperature of the solution was controlled at varied temperatures, those are: 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C, respectively. The resistance to the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) load was evaluated by time to fracture for certain dead tensile loads and corrosive media. The SEM EDS data were retrieved to have a deep insight into the SCC mechanism. The results show that, with a 10 °C increase in temperature, the SCC Threshold is decreased by 40% which is supported by the data of time to failure for certain loads and also the SEM EDS.
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References
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[27] M. V. Kumar and V. Balasubramanian, “Hot tensile properties and constant load stress corrosion cracking test data of autogenous weld joints of super 304HCu stainless steel in boiling MgCl2 solution,” Data in Brief, vol. 18, pp. 102–110, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.002.
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[31] D. B. Djarot, F. Gapsari, O. B. Lobo, and F. M. Simanjuntak, “Stress Corrosion Cracking Threshold for Dissimilar Capacitive Discharge Welding Joint with Varied Surface Geometry,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 2180, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.3390/app10062180.
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[33] J. Cui and D. Wang, “An experimental and numerical investigation on ultimate strength of stiffened plates with opening and perforation corrosion,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 205, p. 107282, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107282.
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[35] T. F. Cui, D. X. Liu, P. A. Shi, J. J. Liu, Y. H. Yi, and H. L. Zhou, “Effect of NaCl concentration, pH value and tensile stress on the galvanic corrosion behavior of 5050 aluminum alloy,” Materials and Corrosion, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 72–83, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1002/maco.201408189.
[36] S. Sanchez et al., “Powder Bed Fusion of nickel-based superalloys: A review,” International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 165, p. 103729, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2021.103729.
[37] P. Refait, A.-M. Grolleau, M. Jeannin, E. François, and R. Sabot, “Corrosion of mild steel at the seawater/sediments interface: Mechanisms and kinetics,” Corrosion Science, vol. 130, pp. 76–84, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2017.10.016.
[38] A. Barasa, A. Wahjudi, R. R. Pratama, and W. Kriswardhana, “Adding ZnO to Cellulose/ZnO Nanocomposites Coated A36 Steel Increases The Corrosion Rate,” Mechanics Exploration and Material Innovation, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 82–87, 2024, doi: 10.21776/ub.memi.2024.001.03.2.
[39] B. Amelia, M. N. Ilman, and N. A. Triwibowo, “Minimizing distortion in flux cored arc welding of A36 steel by preheating and its effect on weld mechanical properties,” in The 6th BIS-STE 2024 in conjunction with The 2nd INTERCONNECTS 2024, 2025. doi: 10.31603/biseeng.209.
[40] S. Lindqvist, Z. Que, P. Nevasmaa, and N. Hytönen, “The effect of thermal aging on fracture properties of a narrow-gap Alloy 52 dissimilar metal weld,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 281, p. 109056, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2023.109056.
[41] Margono, M. Kozin, D. Setiadhi, H. K. Hassan, and R. Lakshminarasimhan, “Development of Titanium Nitride-Based Coatings for Wear Resistant Materials: A Review,” Mechanics Exploration and Material Innovation, vol. 1, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.21776/ub.memi.2024.001.03.5.
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[43] P. Astuti, A. D. Puspitasari, A. Zulkarnain, A. C. Fajar, and A. Y. Purnama, “Corrosion evaluation of patch repair material using seawater mixed mortar,” in The 6th BIS-STE 2024 in conjunction with The 2nd INTERCONNECTS 2024, 2025. doi: 10.31603/biseeng.340.
[44] H. Ju, Y.-F. Yang, Y.-F. Liu, S.-F. Liu, J.-Z. Duan, and Y. Li, “Mapping the Galvanic Corrosion of Three Metals Coupled with a Wire Beam Electrode: The Influence of Temperature and Relative Geometrical Position,” Materials, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 357, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.3390/ma11030357.
[2] P. W. Holsberg, “Weldability Studies of Modified 70-30 CuNi Alloys,” Welding Journal, vol. 12, pp. 554s–558s, 1970.
[3] D. L. Olson, “Prediction of Austenitic Weld Metal Microstructure and Properties,” Welding Journal, vol. 10, pp. 281s–295s, 1985.
[4] S. Kou and Y. Le, “Welding parameters and the grain structure of weld metal — A thermodynamic consideration,” Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1075–1082, Apr. 1988, doi: 10.1007/BF02628392.
[5] A. A. Shirali and K. C. Mills, “The Effect of Welding Parameters on Penetration in GTA Welds,” Welding Journal, vol. 7, pp. 347s–353s, 1993.
[6] Z. Afriansyah, M. Ashof, and A. Naimah, “Comparison of SMAW and GTAW Welding Properties,” Mechanics Exploration and Material Innovation, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 48–53, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.21776/ub.memi.2024.001.02.2.
[7] A. D. Adeyeye and F. A. Oyawale, “Mixture experiments and their applications in welding flux design,” Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 319–326, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1590/S1678-58782008000400008.
[8] L. Pérez Pozo, F. Olivares Z, and O. Durán A, “Optimization of welding parameters using a genetic algorithm: A robotic arm–assisted implementation for recovery of Pelton turbine blades,” Advances in Mechanical Engineering, vol. 7, no. 11, Nov. 2015, doi: 10.1177/1687814015617669.
[9] T. Sonar, V. Balasubramanian, S. Malarvizhi, T. Venkateswaran, and D. Sivakumar, “Effect of welding parameters on microstructure and tensile properties of CA-TIG welded AMS-5596 grade thin high temperature alloy sheets for gas turbine engine applications,” Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 2, p. 100035, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.aime.2021.100035.
[10] S. N. Fitriani, P. H. Setyarini, and V. Y. Risonarta, “The Influence of Homogenization on Corrosion Rate of Zinc as Sacrificial Anode for API 5L X65 Steel,” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Technologies and Applications, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 7, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.21776/mechta.2020.001.01.2.
[11] D. H. Akbar, P. Purnami, and S. P. Budio, “Influence of Surface Roughness and Paint Coating on Corrosion Rate,” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Technologies and Applications, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 15, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.21776/mechta.2020.001.01.3.
[12] C. Manfredi and J. . Otegui, “Failures by SCC in buried pipelines,” Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 495–509, Oct. 2002, doi: 10.1016/S1350-6307(01)00032-2.
[13] J. Wang and A. Atrens, “Microstructure and grain boundary microanalysis of X70 pipeline steel,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 38, pp. 323–330, 2003, doi: 10.1023/A:1021169700779.
[14] Djarot B. Darmadi, Lingga P. Setiawan, and Shahruddin Mahzan, “Evaluating the GMAW Joint with a Constant Heat Input,” Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, vol. 54, no. 2 SE-Articles, pp. 142–149, Mar. 2024, [Online]. Available: https://semarakilmu.com.my/journals/index.php/fluid_mechanics_thermal_sciences/article/view/3036
[15] E. P. Budiana, S. G. H. Hapsari, E. R. I. Mahmoud, and T. Triyono, “Temperature and material flow in one-step double-acting friction stir welding process of aluminum alloy: Modeling and experimental,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 145–157, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.31603/mesi.12987.
[16] S. Sukarman et al., “Optimization of Tensile-Shear Strength in the Dissimilar Joint of Zn-Coated Steel and Low Carbon Steel,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 115–125, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.31603/ae.v3i3.4053.
[17] T. Anita, H. Shaikh, H. S. Khatak, and G. Amarendra, “Effect of Heat Input on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Weld Metal of Nitrogen-Added AISI Type 316 Stainless Steel,” Corrosion, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 873–880, Sep. 2004, doi: 10.5006/1.3287869.
[18] D. H. Kumar and a. S. Reddy, “Study of Mechanical Behavior in Austenitic Stainless Steel 316 Ln Welded Joints,” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–22, 2013.
[19] D. W. Rathod, “A Review on challenges and opportunities in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys: Specific context of 7xxx series alloys,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 5, no. 1, 2025, doi: 10.31603/mesi.12711.
[20] K. Chan and S. Tjong, “Effect of Secondary Phase Precipitation on the Corrosion Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steels,” Materials, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 5268–5304, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.3390/ma7075268.
[21] J. Andrean, A. Harmayanti, A. Wahjudi, and A. Syamlan, “Analysis of The Corrosion Inhibition Efficacy of Camellia Sinensis Extract on Aluminium 6061 Alloys using Artificial Neural Network (ANN),” Mechanics Exploration and Material Innovation, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 67–74, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.21776/ub.memi.2024.001.02.5.
[22] M. Vinoth Kumar, V. Balasubramanian, S. Rajakumar, and S. K. Albert, “Stress corrosion cracking behaviour of gas tungsten arc welded super austenitic stainless steel joints,” Defence Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 282–291, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2015.05.009.
[23] D. F. Fitriyana et al., “Effect of sandblasting on the characterization of 95MXC coating layer on 304 stainless steel prepared by the twin wire arc spray (TWAS) coating method,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 142–155, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.31603/mesi.10898.
[24] H.-L. Ming et al., “Microstructure, Residual Strain and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior in 316L Heat-Affected Zone,” Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 848–858, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1007/s40195-016-0461-7.
[25] T. S. Amosun, S. O. Hammed, A. M. G. De Lima, and I. Habibi, “Effect of quenching media on mechanical properties of welded mild steel plate,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4–11, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.31603/mesi.7121.
[26] D. B. Darmadi, N. A. Sugiarto, and F. Gapsari, “Stress Corrosion Cracking at ASTM A36 Plate with Varied Grain Orientation,” International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME), vol. 12, no. 12, p. 987, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.15866/ireme.v12i12.16532.
[27] M. V. Kumar and V. Balasubramanian, “Hot tensile properties and constant load stress corrosion cracking test data of autogenous weld joints of super 304HCu stainless steel in boiling MgCl2 solution,” Data in Brief, vol. 18, pp. 102–110, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.002.
[28] R. Sepe, F. Bollino, F. Caiazzo, and F. Berto, “Stress corrosion cracking behavior of welding joint of high strength steel,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1038, no. 1, p. 012055, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1038/1/012055.
[29] N. Scotchmer, “The use of capacitor discharge welding is on the rise,” Welding Journal, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 32–36, 2015.
[30] M.-M. Ketzel, M. Hertel, J. Zschetzsche, and U. Füssel, “Heat development of the contact area during capacitor discharge welding,” Welding in the World, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 1195–1203, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s40194-019-00744-x.
[31] D. B. Djarot, F. Gapsari, O. B. Lobo, and F. M. Simanjuntak, “Stress Corrosion Cracking Threshold for Dissimilar Capacitive Discharge Welding Joint with Varied Surface Geometry,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 2180, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.3390/app10062180.
[32] X. Li et al., “Oxidation damage and interfacial failure of dissimilar metal welds containing ferritic heat resistant steels,” Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1439–1450, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s42243-021-00586-2.
[33] J. Cui and D. Wang, “An experimental and numerical investigation on ultimate strength of stiffened plates with opening and perforation corrosion,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 205, p. 107282, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107282.
[34] P. Marcus, I. Frateur, and V. Maurice, “Évolution des méthodes et outils de recherche sur la corrosion,” Matériaux & Techniques, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 13–33, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1051/mattech/2010113.
[35] T. F. Cui, D. X. Liu, P. A. Shi, J. J. Liu, Y. H. Yi, and H. L. Zhou, “Effect of NaCl concentration, pH value and tensile stress on the galvanic corrosion behavior of 5050 aluminum alloy,” Materials and Corrosion, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 72–83, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1002/maco.201408189.
[36] S. Sanchez et al., “Powder Bed Fusion of nickel-based superalloys: A review,” International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 165, p. 103729, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2021.103729.
[37] P. Refait, A.-M. Grolleau, M. Jeannin, E. François, and R. Sabot, “Corrosion of mild steel at the seawater/sediments interface: Mechanisms and kinetics,” Corrosion Science, vol. 130, pp. 76–84, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2017.10.016.
[38] A. Barasa, A. Wahjudi, R. R. Pratama, and W. Kriswardhana, “Adding ZnO to Cellulose/ZnO Nanocomposites Coated A36 Steel Increases The Corrosion Rate,” Mechanics Exploration and Material Innovation, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 82–87, 2024, doi: 10.21776/ub.memi.2024.001.03.2.
[39] B. Amelia, M. N. Ilman, and N. A. Triwibowo, “Minimizing distortion in flux cored arc welding of A36 steel by preheating and its effect on weld mechanical properties,” in The 6th BIS-STE 2024 in conjunction with The 2nd INTERCONNECTS 2024, 2025. doi: 10.31603/biseeng.209.
[40] S. Lindqvist, Z. Que, P. Nevasmaa, and N. Hytönen, “The effect of thermal aging on fracture properties of a narrow-gap Alloy 52 dissimilar metal weld,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 281, p. 109056, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2023.109056.
[41] Margono, M. Kozin, D. Setiadhi, H. K. Hassan, and R. Lakshminarasimhan, “Development of Titanium Nitride-Based Coatings for Wear Resistant Materials: A Review,” Mechanics Exploration and Material Innovation, vol. 1, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.21776/ub.memi.2024.001.03.5.
[42] V. Konovalova, “The effect of temperature on the corrosion rate of iron-carbon alloys,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 38, pp. 1326–1329, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.094.
[43] P. Astuti, A. D. Puspitasari, A. Zulkarnain, A. C. Fajar, and A. Y. Purnama, “Corrosion evaluation of patch repair material using seawater mixed mortar,” in The 6th BIS-STE 2024 in conjunction with The 2nd INTERCONNECTS 2024, 2025. doi: 10.31603/biseeng.340.
[44] H. Ju, Y.-F. Yang, Y.-F. Liu, S.-F. Liu, J.-Z. Duan, and Y. Li, “Mapping the Galvanic Corrosion of Three Metals Coupled with a Wire Beam Electrode: The Influence of Temperature and Relative Geometrical Position,” Materials, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 357, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.3390/ma11030357.