Grape seed oil as a sustainable cutting fluid in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) for enhanced surface roughness and corrosion resistance in 316L stainless steel face milling
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Jul 15, 2025
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Abstract
This work investigates grape seed oil as a green substitute for conventional mineral-based cutting fluids to reach sustainable manufacturing methods. The application of grape seed oil as a cutting fluid in the machining of 316L stainless steel using the MQL method has not been documented in prior research studies. In this work, the study focuses on determining the effect of the grape seed oil on the surface integrity and comparing these findings to standard dry machining conditions by examining surface topography, roughness, and corrosion resistance at three different spindle speeds (1500, 1800, and 2100 rpm). Results of experiments showed that grape seed oil greatly improved surface quality and corrosion resistance. Surface roughness dropped noticeably by 61.6% at 1500 rpm as opposed to dry machining. Likewise, changes in surface roughness noted were 54.0% at 1800 rpm and 54.9% at 2100 rpm. Furthermore, the potentiodynamic polarization data show that the grape seed oil greatly prevents post-machining corrosion of 316 L stainless steel. The corrosion rates of the material face milled using grape seed oil were decreased by 78.6%, 74.6%, and 80.8% at spindle speeds of 1500, 1800, and 2100 rpm, respectively, when compared with dry face milling. These results indicate that grape seed oil demonstrates its ability as a cutting fluid even for high-speed machining operations. Hence, grape seed oil can address industrial demands for more environmentally friendly manufacturing methods.
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References
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[36] S. U. Gunjal, S. B. Sanap, N. C. Ghuge, and S. Chinchanikar, “An Experimental Investigation on Vegetable Oils as a Cutting Fluid under Minimum Quantity Lubrication: A Sustainable Machining Approach,” Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, vol. 23, no. 04, pp. 143–155, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.51201/JUSST/21/04204.
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[2] M. Zheng, H. Teng, and Y. Wang, “Robust design in material machining on basis of probability multi‐objective optimization,” Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 180–185, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1002/mawe.202200162.
[3] O. Outemsaa, O. El Farissi, L. Hamouti, and M. Modar, “Cutting Forces and Temperature Optimization in Turning using a Predictive Machining Theory, ANN, and MOGA,” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 51–60, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.46338/ijetae1222_06.
[4] S. R. Das, A. Kumar, and D. Dhupal, “Experimental investigation on cutting force and surface roughness in machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel using cBN tool,” International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials, vol. 18, no. 5/6, p. 501, 2016, doi: 10.1504/IJMMM.2016.078997.
[5] L. Xu et al., “Estimation of tool life and cutting burr in high speed milling of the compacted graphite iron by DE based adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system,” Mechanical Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 243–254, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.5194/ms-10-243-2019.
[6] S. Pang et al., “Effect of Cutting Fluid on Milled Surface Quality and Tool Life of Aluminum Alloy,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 2198, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ma16062198.
[7] P. Yan, Y. Rong, X. Wang, J. Zhu, L. Jiao, and Z. Liang, “Effect of cutting fluid on precision machined surface integrity of heat-resistant stainless steel,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, vol. 232, no. 9, pp. 1535–1548, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1177/0954405416673684.
[8] R. K. Singh, A. R. Dixit, A. Mandal, and A. K. Sharma, “Emerging application of nanoparticle-enriched cutting fluid in metal removal processes: a review,” Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 4677–4717, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s40430-017-0839-0.
[9] N.-C. Vu, H.-T. Nguyen, V.-H. Nguyen, Q.-N. Phan, N.-T. Huynh, and X.-P. Dang, “Experimental and Metamodel Based Optimization of Cutting Parameters for Milling Inconel-800 Superalloy Under Nanofluid MQL Condition,” Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 189–194, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.18280/mmep.100121.
[10] M. S. Dennison, S. N M, D. Barik, and S. Ponnusamy, “Turning operation of AISI 4340 steel in flooded, near-dry and dry conditions: a comparative study on tool-work interface temperature,” Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 172–182, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.2478/mme-2019-0023.
[11] S. P. Somarajan and S. V. Kailas, “Study and Comparison of Lubricity of Green and Commercial Cutting Fluid Using Tool-Chip Tribometer,” Tribology Online, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 340–350, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.2474/trol.13.340.
[12] J. Singh et al., “State of the art review on the sustainable dry machining of advanced materials for multifaceted engineering applications: progressive advancements and directions for future prospects,” Materials Research Express, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 064003, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ac6fba.
[13] G. S. Goindi and P. Sarkar, “Dry machining: A step towards sustainable machining – Challenges and future directions,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 165, pp. 1557–1571, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.235.
[14] L. Pelikán, M. Slaný, L. Beránek, V. Andronov, M. Nečas, and L. Čepová, “Experimental Investigation of Suitable Cutting Conditions of Dry Drilling into High-Strength Structural Steel,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 16, p. 4381, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/ma14164381.
[15] A. De Bartolomeis, S. T. Newman, D. Biermann, and A. Shokrani, “State-of-The-Art Cooling and Lubrication for Machining Inconel 718,” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 143, no. 5, May 2021, doi: 10.1115/1.4047842.
[16] G. Manohar R and R. R, “Exploratory data analysis & EDS analysis on tool chip adhesion under dry and nano minimum quantity lubrication machining environment,” Materials Research Express, vol. 11, no. 9, p. 096515, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ad5e3a.
[17] S. Kumar, D. Singh, and N. Singh Kalsi, “Improvement in machining performance of inconel 718 with solid lubricants,” Jurnal Teknologi, vol. 80, no. 6, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.11113/jt.v80.12563.
[18] B.-A. Behrens et al., “Investigation of the Hardness Development of Molybdenum Coatings under Thermal and Tribological Loading,” Lubricants, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 283, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.3390/lubricants11070283.
[19] B. Sen, M. Mia, G. M. Krolczyk, U. K. Mandal, and S. P. Mondal, “Eco-Friendly Cutting Fluids in Minimum Quantity Lubrication Assisted Machining: A Review on the Perception of Sustainable Manufacturing,” International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 249–280, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40684-019-00158-6.
[20] A. Salem, C. Hopkins, M. Imad, H. Hegab, B. Darras, and H. A. Kishawy, “Environmental Analysis of Sustainable and Traditional Cooling and Lubrication Strategies during Machining Processes,” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 20, p. 8462, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.3390/su12208462.
[21] S. F. Altaf, M. A. Parray, M. J. Khan, M. F. Wani, and F. A. Bhat, “Machining with Minimum Quantity Lubrication and Nano-Fluid MQL: A Review,” Tribology Online, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 209–217, May 2024, doi: 10.2474/trol.19.209.
[22] M. Naveed et al., “State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives of Environmentally Friendly Machining Using Biodegradable Cutting Fluids,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 16, p. 4816, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14164816.
[23] X. Wu et al., “Circulating purification of cutting fluid: an overview,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 117, no. 9–10, pp. 2565–2600, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00170-021-07854-1.
[24] P. Nowak, K. Kucharska, and M. Kamiński, “Ecological and Health Effects of Lubricant Oils Emitted into the Environment,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 16, no. 16, p. 3002, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.3390/ijerph16163002.
[25] J. Lennartz, M. E. Toxopeus, and J. va. der Meulen, “Analysis of environmental transitions for tool development,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 105, pp. 799–804, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.02.132.
[26] P. E. Tolbert, “Oils and cancer,” Cancer Causes & Control, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 386–405, May 1997, doi: 10.1023/A:1018409422050.
[27] C. R. Mackerer, “Health Effects of Oil Mists: A Brief Review,” Toxicology and Industrial Health, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 429–440, Jul. 1989, doi: 10.1177/074823378900500304.
[28] S. P. Somarajan, J.-H. Horng, and S. V. Kailas, “Development and Testing of a Modular Lathe Tribometer Tool to Evaluate the Lubricity Aspect of Cutting Fluids on Freshly Cut Surfaces,” Tribology Online, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 417–421, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.2474/trol.14.417.
[29] J. Ma, O. A. Gali, and R. A. Riahi, “An Evaluation of the Tribological Behavior of Cutting Fluid Additives on Aluminum-Manganese Alloys,” Lubricants, vol. 9, no. 8, p. 84, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/lubricants9080084.
[30] T. P. Jeevan and S. R. Jayaram, “Performance Evaluation of Jatropha and Pongamia Oil Based Environmentally Friendly Cutting Fluids for Turning AA 6061,” Advances in Tribology, vol. 2018, pp. 1–9, 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/2425619.
[31] J. Tumba, “Local Content Utilization and Product Quality Standards Promotion for Industrial and Machine Tools Processes Application,” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology Studies, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 7–19, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.37745/ijeats.13/vol10n4719.
[32] J. Singh, S. S. Gill, M. Dogra, and R. Singh, “A review on cutting fluids used in machining processes,” Engineering Research Express, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 012002, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1088/2631-8695/abeca0.
[33] R. G. Rengiah, “Effect of Coconut Oil-Based Cutting Fluid on Cutting Performance During Turning With Minimal Fluid Application,” International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–14, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.4018/IJMMME.301611.
[34] M. Yogeswaran, K. Kadirgama, M. M. Rahman, and R. Devarajan, “Temperature analysis when using ethylene-glycol-based tio2 as a new coolant for milling,” International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 2272–2281, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.15282/ijame.11.2015.10.0191.
[35] S. Mane and S. Kumar, “Investigation on Effects of Cutting and Jet Parameters in Turning of AISI 4140 Hardened Alloy Steel,” Materials Science Forum, vol. 969, pp. 732–737, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.969.732.
[36] S. U. Gunjal, S. B. Sanap, N. C. Ghuge, and S. Chinchanikar, “An Experimental Investigation on Vegetable Oils as a Cutting Fluid under Minimum Quantity Lubrication: A Sustainable Machining Approach,” Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, vol. 23, no. 04, pp. 143–155, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.51201/JUSST/21/04204.
[37] N. C. Ghuge and A. M. Mahalle, “Influence of Cutting Fluid on Tool Wear and Tool Life during Turning,” International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering & Research, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 23–27, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.21884/IJMTER.2016.3078.9LPXS.
[38] A. K. Katam, R. C. Mohanty, and A. Kolakoti, “The role of bio-based cutting fluids for sustainable manufacturing and machining processes: A holistic review,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 166–180, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.31603/mesi.10680.
[39] Q. M. Nguyen, T.-V. Do, and T.-N. Nguyen, “Minimization of Temperature in Cutting Zone: A Case Study of Hard Milling of SKD 61 Steel,” Universal Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 97–104, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.13189/ujme.2020.080204.
[40] S. Mahapatra, A. Das, P. C. Jena, and S. R. Das, “Turning of hardened AISI H13 steel with recently developed S3P-AlTiSiN coated carbide tool using MWCNT mixed nanofluid under minimum quantity lubrication,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, vol. 237, no. 4, pp. 843–864, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1177/09544062221126357.
[41] S. F. Lone, D. W. Rathod, and S. N. Ahmad, “Exploring the feasibility of SS316L fabrication via CMT-based WAAM: A Comprehensive study on microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 237–251, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.31603/mesi.11848.
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