Exploring the potential of Indonesian iron sand in the formation of iron nitride for magnetic applications
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Jun 30, 2025
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Abstract
Iron nitride is a transition metal material that exhibits ferromagnetic properties at room temperature, making it a suitable candidate for use in Soft Magnetic Composites (SMC) applications. Previous research showed that iron nitride can be synthesized using nano-sized iron oxide powder derived from processed natural iron sand through gas nitriding. Considering the abundance of iron sand in Indonesia, there is a need to carry out an investigation related to iron sand-based SMC. Therefore, this research aims to synthesize iron nitride material using the abundant natural iron sand discovered in Indonesia. This study used iron oxide material synthesized from locally obtained natural iron sand, in the form of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3. Iron oxide undergoes coprecipitation and was subsequently exposed to the gas nitriding process with a holding time of 4 hours and a gas flow of 150 mL/min in NH3 gas. The results show that iron nitride is formed after nitriding of iron oxide powders, and the phases formed include ε-Fe3N and γ’-Fe4N. The synthesized material exhibits soft magnetic properties, with saturation magnetization values ranging from the highest at 75.41 emu/g and the lowest at 18.9 emu/g.
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References
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[10] J. Vesa and P. Rasilo, “Producing 3-D Imitations of Soft Magnetic Composite Material Geometries,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 1–10, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2019.2925580.
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[12] L. Qian, J. Peng, Z. Xiang, Y. Pan, and W. Lu, “Effect of annealing on magnetic properties of Fe/Fe3O4 soft magnetic composites prepared by in-situ oxidation and hydrogen reduction methods,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 778, pp. 712–720, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.184.
[13] Z. Birčáková et al., “Magnetic properties of Fe-based soft magnetic composite with insulation coating by resin bonded Ni-Zn ferrite nanofibres,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 485, pp. 1–7, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.04.060.
[14] A. R. Asari, Y. Guo, and J. Zhu, “Performances of SOMALOY 700 (5P) and SOMALOY 500 Materials under 1-D Alternating Magnetic Flux Density,” in 2019 International UNIMAS STEM 12th Engineering Conference (EnCon), IEEE, Aug. 2019, pp. 52–58. doi: 10.1109/EnCon.2019.8861264.
[15] Á. S. Muñoz et al., “Study of an iron phosphate soft magnetic composite and its stability at high temperatures,” Ceramics International, vol. 50, no. 13, pp. 22468–22478, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.03.349.
[16] X. Tan, S. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Zhou, and Z. Li, “Design, preparation and characterization of iron nitride magnetic abrasives,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 774, pp. 443–450, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.389.
[17] C. Zhang et al., “Design, Preparation, and Magnetic Properties of Fe4N/Fe3N Soft Magnetic Composites Fabricated by Gas Nitridation,” Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 923–929, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10948-023-06521-8.
[18] S. Bhattacharyya, “Iron Nitride Family at Reduced Dimensions: A Review of Their Synthesis Protocols and Structural and Magnetic Properties,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 1601–1622, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1021/jp510606z.
[19] C. Zhang et al., “Preparation and soft magnetic properties of γ′-Fe4N particles,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1254–1257, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10854-017-8029-5.
[20] A.-M. Zieschang et al., “Nanoscale Iron Nitride, ε-Fe 3 N: Preparation from Liquid Ammonia and Magnetic Properties,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 621–628, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b04088.
[21] J. Triyono, R. Rahajeng, and E. Surojo, “Surface Modification and Hardness Behavior of AISI 304 as an Artificial Hip Joint using Ammonia and Scallop Shell Powder as a Nitriding Agent,” Evergreen, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 335–343, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.5109/4480714.
[22] M. Gong, P. Li, and W. Tong, “Absorption properties of iron nitrides particles fabricated by ball milling,” in 2018 International Symposium on Mechanics, Structures and Materials Science (MSMS 2018), 2018, p. 020011. doi: 10.1063/1.5048742.
[23] Y. Utsushikawa and K. Niizuma, “The saturation magnetization of FeN films prepared by nitriding treatment in N2 plasma,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 222, no. 1–2, pp. 188–192, May 1995, doi: 10.1016/0925-8388(94)04915-7.
[24] I. Sidharta, N. H. Romadhon, R. F. Syah, R. K. Hafiyanda, D. Darminto, and A. Shahab, “Preparation of Iron Nitride Material from Natural Iron Sand,” Materials Science Forum, vol. 1028, pp. 50–55, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1028.50.
[25] Sunaryono et al., “Various Magnetic Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles Synthesized from Iron-Sands by Coprecipitation Method at Room Temperature,” Materials Science Forum, vol. 827, pp. 229–234, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.827.229.
[26] A. Taufiq, Sunaryono, E. G. Rachman Putra, S. Pratapa, and Darminto, “Nano-Structural Studies on Fe3O4 Particles Dispersing in a Magnetic Fluid Using X-Ray Diffractometry and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering,” Materials Science Forum, vol. 827, pp. 213–218, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.827.213.
[27] Z. Jalil, A. Rahwanto, F. Mulana, and E. Handoko, “Synthesis of nano-hematite (Fe2O3) extracted from natural iron ore prepared by mechanical alloying method,” in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: NANO-SciTech, 2019, p. 020041. doi: 10.1063/1.5124671.
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