Optimization of preparation parameters of palm oil-based nanofuel with multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) for stability using Taguchi-grey relation analysis (GRA) combination
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Dec 15, 2024
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Abstract
This research optimizes the preparation parameters of palm oil-based nanofuel and Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) to produce stable nanofuel. The parameters optimized include stirrer speed, sonication time, sonication power, and surfactant ratio, with stability measured through absorbance and sedimentation ratio (SR). The Taguchi method, using an L9 orthogonal array designed with minitab 19.0 software, was employed for single-objective optimization, while Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) is applied for multi-objective optimization. Experimental results show that the optimal conditions for absorbance are stirrer speed of 1000 rpm, sonication time of 30 minutes, sonication power of 200 watts, and surfactant ratio of 1, whereas for sedimentation ratio the optimal conditions are stirrer speed of 1000 rpm, sonication time of 30 minutes, sonication power of 150 watts, and surfactant ratio of 1. ANOVA analysis reveals that surfactant concentration contributes the most to nanofuel stability, with contributions of 79.63% for absorbance and 82.60% for sedimentation ratio. Multi-objective GRA optimization results also show that surfactant concentration is the most dominant factor, contributing 71.5% to the Grey Relational Grade (GRG). The consistency of optimal parameters yielded by both Taguchi and GRA methods reinforces the validity and consistency of this study's results. This research provides a strong foundation for the development of more stable nanofuels, potentially enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability. These findings offer practical guidelines for real-world applications and make significant contributions to nanofuel technology
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[2] A. F. Alphanoda, E. A. Pane, and A. Riyanto, “The Role of Banana Peel Surface Pores through Increasing Temperature for Efficient Hydrogen Production,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), vol. 8, no. 2, p. 421, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.17977/um016v8i22024p421.
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[12] J. Milano et al., “A Comprehensive exploration of jatropha curcas biodiesel production as a viable alternative feedstock in the fuel industry – Performance evaluation and feasibility analysis,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 17–37, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.31603/mesi.10610.
[13] F. A. Malla, S. A. Bandh, S. A. Wani, A. T. Hoang, and N. A. Sofi, “Biofuels: Potential Alternatives to Fossil Fuels,” in Biofuels in Circular Economy, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022, pp. 1–15.
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[19] S. Pambudi, N. Ilminnafik, S. Junus, and M. N. Kustanto, “Experimental Study on the Effect of Nano Additives γAl2O3 and Equivalence Ratio to Bunsen Flame Characteristic of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum),” Automotive Experiences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 51–61, 2021, doi: 10.31603/ae.4569.
[20] A. T. Mohammed, M. F. M. Said, N. Othman, A. C. Opia, and I. Veza, “Feasibility Study of Biofuel Incorporated Nanoparticles as Sustainable IC Engine Fuel: Opportunities and Challenges - An overview,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 94–121, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.31603/ae.7846.
[21] S. Daud, M. A. Hamidi, and R. Mamat, “Design of Experiment to Predict the Effects of Graphene Nanoplatelets Addition to Diesel Engine Performance,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 467–476, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.31603/ae.6263.
[22] C. Antony, D. Ghana, and A. Kumar, “Synthesis of nanoparticles in dual biodiesel and enchancement in performances and emission characteristics,” Zastita materijala, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 22–29, 2023, doi: 10.5937/zasmat2301022J.
[23] J. Senthilkumar, K. Dharun, T. Sanchit Kumar, R. Suresh Kumar, N. Jayanthi, and S. Venkatesh, “Impact of nano catalyst in the biodiesel production for direct injection diesel engine: A review,” Environmental Quality Management, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 257–266, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1002/tqem.22057.
[24] A. Lakhera et al., “Optimization of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics with cerium oxide nanoparticles mixed waste cooking oil biodiesel blends,” International Journal of Engine Research, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 4521–4531, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1177/14680874221133223.
[25] M. G. Bidir, M. Narayanan Kalamegam, M. S. Adaramola, F. Y. Hagos, and R. C. Singh, “Comparative study on the effect of nanoparticles in ternary fuel blends on combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of diesel engine,” International Journal of Engine Research, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 4509–4520, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1177/14680874221132963.
[26] E. Espinel Blanco, R. C. Vázquez-Fletes, J. S. Rudas, M. I. Ardila Marín, L. M. Hoyos-Palacio, and J. A. Carlos Cornelio, “Effect of the concentration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the rheological behavior in a lubricating oil of plant-derived lubricant,” Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1444–1454, May 2024, doi: 10.1080/01932691.2023.2215307.
[27] D. Nurmukan, M.-V. Tran, Y. M. Hung, G. Scribano, and C. T. Chong, “Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on pre-vaporized palm oil biodiesel/air premixed flames,” Fuel Communications, vol. 8, p. 100020, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jfueco.2021.100020.
[28] M. Amsal, M.-V. Tran, Y.-M. Hung, and G. Scribano, “Experimental study of evaporation of palm biodiesel with multi-walled carbon nanotubes additives at elevated temperatures,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 6611–6624, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13762-021-03465-1.
[29] C. Rao. Seela, “Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Added Biodiesel Blends: An Engine Analysis,” RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 02, pp. 1009–1020, 2022, doi: 10.31788/RJC.2022.1526882.
[30] M. A. Shaikh and V. R. Patel, “Experimental studies on ethanol solubility and nanoparticle (NP) stability in diesel fuel,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, vol. 188, pp. 105–129, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.09.030.
[31] M. S. Rao, C. S. Rao, and A. S. Kumari, “Synthesis, stability, and emission analysis of magnetite nanoparticle-based biofuels,” Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, vol. 69, no. 1, p. 79, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1186/s44147-022-00127-y.
[32] A. B. Saleem, R. Mamat, F. Y. Hagos, A. A. Abdullah, and A. Arman, “Investigation of the stability of cerium oxide in diesel fuel for nano-enhanced fuel formulation,” in II International Scientific Forum On Computer And Energy Sciences (WFCES-II 2021), 2022, p. 030014, doi: 10.1063/5.0099886.
[33] L. Bao et al., “Experiments on macroscopic spray characteristics of diesel-ethanol with dispersed cerium nanoparticles,” Journal of the Energy Institute, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 2186–2196, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.joei.2020.06.001.
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