Energy and cooling performance of carbon-dioxide and hydrofluoroolefins blends as eco-friendly substitutes for R410A in air-conditioning systems
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Jan 23, 2023
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Abstract
Air-conditioning and refrigeration systems are electrical appliances that use a huge amount of energy and contribute indirectly to global warming. Also, R410A which was initially developed as a substitute for ozone-depleting refrigerants in the air-conditioning systems has been phase-out due to its high global warming potential (GWP) and the resulting harmful effect on the climate. In addition to the issue of refrigerant high GWP, energy consumption is a significant issue. The energy efficiency of new refrigerants must then be considered in the search for alternative refrigerants to ensure that they do not lead to an increase in greenhouse gas generation at the power source. Therefore, this paper investigates the energy and cooling performance of four new multi-components and ecologically friendly refrigerant blends that contained carbon dioxide and hydrofluoroolefins in their compositions as substitutes for R410A in air-conditioning systems. Relevant thermodynamic equations and REFPROP software were employed for the computational analysis. The results indicated that the new blends (R445A, R455A, R470B and R470A) exhibited a desirable low compression ratio and high heat transfer for cooling applications. The blends also exhibited low compressor energy input and low specific cooling energy. R455A has an average coefficient of performance (COP) of 24.6% above that of the reference refrigerant (R410A). The cooling capacity per unit volume for R470B, R455A and R470A across a temperature range of 253 to 293 K are higher by 1.3, 6.0, and 12.6%, respectively than that of R410A. Generally, among all the four new substitute blends, the overall assessment revealed R455A as the best replacement for R410A in air-conditioning systems due to its superior performance in terms of its low compression ratio, compressor energy and specific cooling energy. R455A also has the highest COP and relatively high cooling capacity per unit volume.
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References
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[2] M. Setiyo, N. Widodo, B. C. Purnomo, S. Munahar, and M. A. Rahmawan, “Harvesting Cooling Effect on LPG-Fueled Vehicles for Mini Cooler : A Lab-Scale Investigation,” Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 39–47, 2019, doi: 10.17509/ijost.v4i1.12834.
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[8] B. O. Bolaji, O. A. Oyelaran, I. O. Abiala, T. O. Ogundana, and S. T. Amosun, “Energy and Thermal Conductivity Assessment of Dimethyl-Ether and its Azeotropic Mixtures as Alternative Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants in a Refrigeration System,” Rigas Tehniskas Universitates Zinatniskie Raksti, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 12–28, 2021, doi: 10.2478/rtuect-2021-0002.
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[14] B. O. Bolaji and Z. Huan, “Ozone depletion and global warming: Case for the use of natural refrigerant–a review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 18, pp. 49–54, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.008.
[15] F. Cao, Z. Ye, and Y. Wang, “Experimental investigation on the influence of internal heat exchanger in a transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 168, p. 114855, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114855.
[16] Y. Chen, H. Zou, J. Dong, H. Xu, C. Tian, and D. Butrymowicz, “Experimental investigation on refrigeration performance of a CO2 system with intermediate cooling for automobiles,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 174, p. 115267, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115267.
[17] Y. Song, H. Wang, Y. Ma, X. Yin, and F. Cao, “Energetic, economic, environmental investigation of carbon dioxide as the refrigeration alternative in new energy bus/railway vehicles’ air conditioning systems,” Applied Energy, vol. 305, no. September 2021, p. 117830, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117830.
[18] Y. Zhang, Y. He, Y. Wang, X. Wu, M. Jia, and Y. Gong, “Experimental investigation of the performance of an R1270/CO2 cascade refrigerant system,” International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 114, pp. 175–180, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.02.017.
[19] B. Gil, A. Szczepanowska, and S. Rosiek, “New HFC/HFO Blends as Refrigerants for the Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS),” Energies, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 946, 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14040946.
[20] K. Górny, A. Stachowiak, P. Tyczewski, and W. Zwierzycki, “Mixtures of Lubricants and Ecological Refrigerants under Starved Lubrication Conditions,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 21, p. 7747, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15217747.
[21] S. C. Yelishala, K. Kannaiyan, Z. Wang, H. Metghalchi, Y. A. Levendis, and R. Sadr, “Thermodynamic study on blends of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide as zeotropic refrigerants,” Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 142, no. 8, p. 82304, 2020, doi: 10.1115/1.4045930.
[22] R. Sun, H. Tian, Z. Wu, L. Shi, and G. Shu, “Comparative Study on Critical Points of Carbon Dioxide-Based Binary Mixtures,” International Journal of Thermophysics, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1–16, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10765-022-03048-3.
[23] B. Gil and J. Kasperski, “Efficiency evaluation of the ejector cooling cycle using a new generation of HFO/HCFO refrigerant as a R134a replacement,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 2136, 2018, doi: 10.3390/en11082136.
[24] W. Li, R. Liu, Y. Liu, D. Wang, J. Shi, and J. Chen, “Performance evaluation of R1234yf heat pump system for an electric vehicle in cold climate,” International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 115, pp. 117–125, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.02.021.
[25] S. Saleem, C. R. Bradshaw, and C. K. Bach, “Performance assessment of R1234ze (E) as a low GWP substitute to R410A in fin-and-tube heat exchangers,” International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 134, pp. 253–264, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2021.11.017.
[26] A. Alabdulkarem and Z. Almutairi, “Experimental Investigation of an Air-Conditioner Performance and Chemical Compositions of Differently Sourced R410A and R22 Refrigerants,” International Journal of Thermophysics, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1–17, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10765-022-03066-1.
[27] G. J. M. Velders et al., “Preserving Montreal Protocol climate benefits by limiting HFCs,” Science, vol. 335, no. 6071, pp. 922–923, 2012, doi: 10.1126/science.1216414.
[28] B. O. Bolaji, “Theoretical assessment of new low global warming potential refrigerant mixtures as eco-friendly alternatives in domestic refrigeration systems,” Scientific African, vol. 10, p. e00632, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00632.
[29] J.-L. C. Fannou, C. Rousseau, L. Lamarche, and S. Kajl, “A comparative performance study of a direct expansion geothermal evaporator using R410A and R407C as refrigerant alternatives to R22,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 82, pp. 306–317, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.02.079.
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[31] X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Li, J. Wang, Y. Wu, and C. Ma, “Zeotropic mixture selection for an organic rankine cycle using a single screw expander,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 1022, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13051022.
[32] Bitzer, Refrigerant Report 21, 21st Editi. Sindelfingen, Germany: Bitzer International, 2022.
[33] A. Berto, M. Azzolin, S. Bortolin, C. Guzzardi, and D. Del Col, “Measurements and modelling of R455A and R452B flow boiling heat transfer inside channels,” International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 120, pp. 271–284, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.08.007.
[34] S. C. Yelishala, K. Kannaiyan, R. Sadr, Z. Wang, Y. A. Levendis, and H. Metghalchi, “Performance maximization by temperature glide matching in energy exchangers of cooling systems operating with natural hydrocarbon/CO2 refrigerants,” International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 119, pp. 294–304, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.08.006.
[35] S. N. Kopylov, P. S. Kopylov, and I. P. Eltyshev, “Fire Safety of 1, 2 and 2l Refrigerants: Myths and Reality,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019, vol. 272, no. 2, p. 22064, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/272/2/022064.
[36] Í. F. Guilherme, D. F. Marcucci Pico, D. D. dos Santos, and E. P. Bandarra Filho, “A review on the performance and environmental assessment of R-410A alternative refrigerants,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 47, p. 103847, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103847.
[37] A. G. Devecioğlu and V. Oruç, “Energetic performance analysis of R466A as an alternative to R410A in VRF systems,” Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1425–1433, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.04.003.
[38] P. Mishra, S. Soni, and G. Maheshwari, “Exergetic performance analysis of low GWP refrigerants as an alternative to R410A in split air conditioner,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 63, pp. 406–412, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.343.
[39] S. Mukhopadhyay, H. Gupta, A. Kumar, and A. Arora, “Numerical Analysis of Low GWP Blends of R290 as an Alternative to R410A BT - Advances in Manufacturing Technology and Management,” 2023, pp. 621–629.
[40] V. H. Panato, D. F. Marcucci Pico, and E. P. Bandarra Filho, “Experimental evaluation of R32, R452B and R454B as alternative refrigerants for R410A in a refrigeration system,” International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 135, pp. 221–230, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2021.12.003.