Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 2721 Download : 1312

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effect of rice husks’ particle size on resin-based brake pad performance (i.e. compressive strength, puncture strength, mass loss, wear rate, friction coefficient, and heat resistance). Bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin and cycloaliphatic amine were mixed to form resin and used as the brake pad's base material. In the experiment, rice husk with a specific particle size (i.e., 250, 500, dan 1000 μm) was added to the resin. Rice husk has received considerable interest due to its lignin, cellulose, and silica content, making it suitable as friction material due to its ceramic-like behavior. The experimental results showed small rice husk particles improved compressive strength, puncture strength, and bulk density. This can be obtained from the analysis of the maximum compressive strength for brake pad supported by particles with sizes of 250, 500, and 1000 μm having values of 0.238; 0.173; and 0.144 MPa, respectively. In contrast, large particles formed coarse surfaces and pores, decreased mass loss rate, and improve friction properties (i.e. wear rate, friction coefficient). The friction coefficient values of brake pad supported by particles with sizes of 250, 500, and 1000 µm were, respectively, 0.2075; 0.2070; and 0.3379. Particle size affected interpacking, interfacial bonding, pores number and size, thermal softening, mechanical properties, and friction properties of the brake pad. Comparison between the prepared resin-based and commercial brake pad was also done, confirming the utilization of agro-waste as a potential alternative for friction material in the brake pad.

Keywords

Rice husk Brake pad Resin Epoxy Particle size Friction

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Author Biographies

Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia

Academic profile: Scopus; ORCID; Google Scholar; Publons; Sinta

Siti Nur Hofifah, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia

Academic profile:-

Gabriela Chelvina Santiuly Girsang, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia

Academic profile: -

Silmi Ridwan Putri, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia

Academic profile: -

Bentang Arief Budiman, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

Academic profile: Scopus; ORCID; Google Scholar; Sinta

Farid Triawan, Sampoerna University, Indonesia

Academic profile: Scopus; ORCID; Google Scholar; Sinta

Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi, Taylor’s University, Malaysia

Academic profile: Scopus; ORCID; Google Scholar

References

  1. V. V. Kumar and S. S. Kumaran, “Friction material composite: types of brake friction material formulations and effects of various ingredients on brake performance–a review,” Materials Research Express, vol. 6, no. 8, p. 82005, 2019.
  2. N. A. Ademoh and A. I. Olabisi, “Development and evaluation of maize husks (asbestos-free) based brake pad,” Development, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 67–80, 2015.
  3. T. I. Mohammed, O. O. Ojo, and O. E. Olufemi, “Laboratory Study of a Lignocellulosic Biomass as an Alternative Base Material for Brake Pads,” Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, pp. 1–14, 2018.
  4. M. Afolabi, O. K. Abubakre, S. A. Lawal, and A. Raji, “Experimental investigation of palm kernel shell and cow bone reinforced polymer composites for brake pad production,” International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 27–40, 2015.
  5. D. S. Yawas, S. Y. Aku, and S. G. Amaren, “Morphology and properties of periwinkle shell asbestos-free brake pad,” Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 103–109, 2016.
  6. A. I. Olabisi, A. N. Adam, and O. M. Okechukwu, “Development and assessment of composite brake pad using pulverized cocoa beans shells filler,” International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 66–78, 2016.
  7. J. Abutu, S. A. Lawal, M. B. Ndaliman, R. A. Lafia-Araga, O. Adedipe, and I. A. Choudhury, “Effects of process parameters on the properties of brake pad developed from seashell as reinforcement material using grey relational analysis,” Engineering science and technology, an international journal, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 787–797, 2018.
  8. M. Bashir, A. Qayoum, and S. S. Saleem, “Influence of lignocellulosic banana fiber on the thermal stability of brake pad material,” Materials Research Express, vol. 6, no. 11, p. 115551, 2019.
  9. S. A. Bahari, K. H. Isa, M. A. Kassim, Z. Mohamed, and E. A. Othman, “Investigation on hardness and impact resistance of automotive brake pad composed with rice husk dust,” in AIP Conference Proceedings 2nd, 2012, vol. 1455, no. 1, pp. 155–161.
  10. N. Permatasari, T. N. Sucahya, and A. B. D. Nandiyanto, “Agricultural wastes as a source of silica material,” Indonesian journal of science and technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 82–106, 2016.
  11. A. B. D. Nandiyanto, R. Ragadhita, and I. Istadi, “Techno-economic Analysis for the Production of Silica Particles from Agricultural Wastes,” Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 4–8, 2020.
  12. K. Shibata, T. Yamaguchi, and K. Hokkirigawa, “Tribological behavior of RH ceramics made from rice husk sliding against stainless steel, alumina, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride,” Tribology International, vol. 73, pp. 187–194, 2014.
  13. W. E. Primaningtyas, R. R. Sakura, I. Syafi’i, and A. Adhyaksa, “Asbestos-free Brake Pad Using Composite Polymer Strengthened with Rice Husk Powder,” in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, vol. 462, no. 1, p. 12015.
  14. G. Marques, J. Rencoret, A. Gutiérrez, and C. José, “Lipophilic compounds from maize fiber and rice husk residues–An abundant and inexpensive source of valuable phytochemicals,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 146, p. 112203, 2020.
  15. M. Y. A. Fuad, Z. Ismail, M. S. Mansor, Z. A. M. Ishak, and A. K. M. Omar, “Mechanical properties of rice husk ash/polypropylene composites,” Polymer journal, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1002–1015, 1995.
  16. B. A. Budiman, F. Adziman, P. L. Sambegoro, I. P. Nurprasetio, R. Ilhamsyah, and M. Aziz, “The role of interfacial rigidity to crack propagation path in fiber reinforced polymer composite,” Fibers and Polymers, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1980–1988, 2018.
  17. S. Anggraeni, A. P. Hotimah, G. C. S. Girsang, R. Ragadhita, S. N. Hofifah, and A. B. D. Nandiyanto, “Teaching the Effect of Flour on Mechanical Properties of Shrimp Shell Crackers ‘Kerupuk’to High School Students,” Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, vol. 34, pp. 75–80, 2020.
  18. A. B. D. Nandiyanto, M. Fiandini, R. Ragadhita, A. Sukmafitri, H. Salam, and F. Triawan, “Mechanical and Biodegradation Properties of Cornstarch-Based Bioplastic Material.,” Materials Physics & Mechanics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 380-391, 2020.
  19. A. B. D. Nandiyanto et al., “Identification of micro-mechanical characteristics of monoclinic tungsten trioxide microparticles by nanoindentation technique,” Materials Physics and Mechanics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 323–329, 2019.
  20. F. Triawan, A. B. D. Nandiyanto, I. O. Suryani, M. Fiandini, and B. A. Budiman, “The Influence of Turmeric Microparticles Amount on The Mechanical and Biodegradation Properties of Cornstarch-Based Bioplastic Material: From Bioplastic Literature Review To Experiments.,” Materials Physics & Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 1, 2020.
  21. C. M. Ruzaidi, H. Kamarudin, J. B. Shamsul, A. M. Al Bakri, and A. Alida, “Morphology and wear properties of palm ash and PCB waste brake pad,” in International Conference on Asia Agriculture and Animal, 2011, vol. 13, pp. 145–149.
  22. S. G. Amaren, D. S. Yawas, and S. Y. Aku, “Effect of periwinkles shell particle size on the wear behavior of asbestos free brake pad,” Results in physics, vol. 3, pp. 109–114, 2013.
  23. V. S. Aigbodion, U. Akadike, S. B. Hassan, F. Asuke, and J. O. Agunsoye, “Development of asbestos-free brake pad using bagasse,” Tribology in industry, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 12–17, 2010.
  24. D.-A. Bashar, P. B. Madakson, and J. Manji, “Material selection and production of a cold-worked composite brake pad,” World Journal of Engineering and Pure & Applied Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 92, 2012.
  25. E. Abhulimen and F. Orumwense, “Characterization and development of asbestos free brake pad, using snail shell and rubber seed husk,” African Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 24–34, 2017.
  26. U. D. Idris, V. S. Aigbodion, I. J. Abubakar, and C. I. Nwoye, “Eco-friendly asbestos free brake-pad: Using banana peels,” Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 185–192, 2015.
  27. W. C. Solomon, M. T. Lilly, and J. I. Sodiki, “Production of Asbestos-free Brake Pad Using Groundnut Shell as Filler Material,” International Journal of Science and Engineering Invention, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 21-27, 2018.
  28. W. Asotah and A. Adeleke, “Development of asbestos free brake pads using corn husks,” Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, vol. 31, pp. 129–144, 2017.
  29. B. K. Palai and S. K. Sarangi, “Suitability evaluation of untreated and surface-modified Eichhornia crassipes fibers for brake pad applications,” Journal of Natural Fibers, pp. 1–14, 2021.
  30. A. F. Mohamed, B. O. Babakor, N. M. Ghazaly, and M. K. Hassan, “Evaluation of Milled Chamaerops Fruit Shell for Production of Brake Friction Materials,” Evaluation, vol. 28, no. 16, pp. 783–791, 2019.
  31. M. Ünaldi and K. U. Ş. Recai, “The determination of the effect of mixture proportions and production parameters on density and porosity features of Miscanthus reinforced brake pads by Taguchi method,” International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 48–57.
  32. K. C. Bala, M. Okoli, and M. S. Abolarin, “Development of automobile brake lining using pulverized cow hooves,” Leonardo Journal of Science, vol. 15, no. 28, pp. 95–108, 2016.
  33. K. Ramanathan, P. Saravanakumar, S. Ramkumar, K. P. Pravin, and S. R. Surender, “Development of Asbestos–Free Brake Pads using Lemon Peel Powder,” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 4449–4455, 2017.
  34. M. P. Natarajan, B. Rajmohan, and S. Devarajulu, “Effect of ingredients on mechanical and tribological characteristics of different brake liner materials,” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotic research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 149–2278, 2012.
  35. A. B. D. Nandiyanto, R. Andika, M. Aziz, and L. S. Riza, “Working volume and milling time on the product size/morphology, product yield, and electricity consumption in the ball-milling process of organic material,” Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 82–94, 2018.
  36. A. B. D. Nandiyanto, R. Zaen, and R. Oktiani, “Working volume in high-energy ball-milling process on breakage characteristics and adsorption performance of rice straw ash,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 6057–6066, 2018.
  37. Y. Sukrawan, A. Hamdani, and S. A. Mardani, “Effect of Bamboo Weight Faction on Mechanical Properties in Non-Asbestos Composite of Motorcycle Brake Pad.,” Materials Physics & Mechanics, vol. 42, no. 3, 2019.
  38. Y. Malajati, S. Therias, and J.-L. Gardette, “Influence of water on the photooxidation of KHJ® phenoxy resins, 1. Mechanisms,” Polymer degradation and stability, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 144–150, 2011.
  39. J. Kong, Y. Tang, X. Zhang, and J. Gu, “Synergic effect of acrylate liquid rubber and bisphenol A on toughness of epoxy resins,” Polymer Bulletin, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 229–236, 2008.
  40. F. Ahmad, S. H. J. Lo, M. Aslam, and A. Haziq, “Tribology behaviour of alumina particles reinforced aluminium matrix composites and brake disc materials,” Procedia engineering, vol. 68, pp. 674–680, 2013.
  41. M. Rezanezhad, S. A. Lajevardi, and S. Karimpouli, “Effects of pore-crack relative location on crack propagation in porous media using XFEM method,” Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, vol. 103, p. 102241, 2019.
  42. M. Hibi et al., “Cavitation damage of epoxy resin subjected to uniaxial tensile loading,” Mechanical Engineering Journal, pp. 17–151, 2018.
  43. M. F. Ashby, “Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, ; Michael F. Ashby., Ed.” Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann: Amsterdam, Boston, 2005.
  44. B. A. Budiman, K. Takahashi, K. Inaba, and K. Kishimoto, “A new method of evaluating interfacial properties of a fiber/matrix composite,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 465–475, 2015.
  45. R. Hinrichs, M. R. F. Soares, R. G. Lamb, M. R. F. Soares, and M. A. Z. Vasconcellos, “Phase characterization of debris generated in brake pad coefficient of friction tests,” Wear, vol. 270, no. 7–8, pp. 515–519, 2011.
  46. S. D. Saravanan, M. Senthilkumar, and S. Shankar, “Effect of particle size on tribological behavior of rice husk ash–reinforced aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) matrix composites,” Tribology transactions, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1156–1167, 2013.
  47. H. Unal, A. Mimaroglu, U. Kadıoglu, and H. Ekiz, “Sliding friction and wear behaviour of polytetrafluoroethylene and its composites under dry conditions,” Materials & Design, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 239–245, 2004.

Most read articles by the same author(s)