Deep touch pressure for calming and comfort therapy from the perspective of contact mechanics: A review
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Dec 29, 2023
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Abstract
The art of touch therapy has been around for centuries and has evolved into various models and styles throughout the years. In addition to reducing muscle pain, relieving stress, and providing relaxation, this therapy has worked and has been useful for many people. Methods such as touch or pressure stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, which plays a role in a person's emotional well-being. Knowing its effects, the interaction between therapeutic devices used on the body needs to be studied further. The contact area provided by the deep touch pressure (DTP) tool will also play an important role in the therapeutic outcome. In addition, levels of comfort in pressure treatment should also be explored further to ensure compliance. This paper describes in extensive the potential of DTP in providing a comfort effect from a contact mechanics perspective. Interactions of various DTP types and pressure distribution on body area have been further investigated to minimize the contact mechanics research gap in DTP and provide the bridge between sensory therapy and the mechanical engineering domain.
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References
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[38] M. Nouman Aslam, R. Kafle, S. H. Shawl, A. S. Khan, and M. W. Kagzi, “Weighted Blanket Therapy for Periodic Limb Movement Disorder: A Case Report Highlighting Improved Sleep Quality and Reduced Symptoms.,” Cureus, vol. 15, no. 5. United States, p. e39622, May 2023, doi: 10.7759/cureus.39622.
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[46] N. L. VandenBerg, “The use of a weighted vest to increase on-task behavior in children with attention difficulties,” American Journal of occupational Therapy, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 621–628, 2001, doi: 10.5014/ajot.55.6.621.
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[2] L. L. Carpenter et al., “Mechanical Affective Touch Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Feasibility, Clinical Outcomes, and Electroencephalography Biomarkers From an Open-Label Trial,” Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 13, no. April, pp. 1–9, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.877574.
[3] V. E. Abraira and D. D. Ginty, “The sensory neurons of touch,” Neuron, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 618–639, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.051.
[4] T. Field, Touch Therapy. Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
[5] M. Losinski, K. Cook, S. Hirsch, and S. Sanders, “The effects of deep pressure therapies and antecedent exercise on stereotypical behaviors of students with autism spectrum disorders,” Behavioral Disorders, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 196–208, 2017, doi: 10.1177/0198742917715873.
[6] I. Y. Afif et al., “Effect of Short-Term Deep-Pressure Portable Seat on Behavioral and Biological Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study,” Bioengineering, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 48, 2022, doi: 10.3390/bioengineering9020048.
[7] I. Y. Afif et al., “Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation Setting,” Bioengineering, vol. 9, no. 4, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.3390/bioengineering9040157.
[8] M. I. Maula et al., “The Subjective Comfort Test of Autism Hug Machine Portable Seat,” Journal of Intellectual Disability-Diagnosis and Treatment, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 182–188, 2021, doi: 10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.02.4.
[9] M. D. P. Lamura, T. Hidayat, M. I. Ammarullah, A. P. Bayuseno, and J. Jamari, “Study of contact mechanics between two brass solids in various diameter ratios and friction coefficient,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol. 237, no. 8, pp. 1613–1619, 2023, doi: 10.1177/14657503221144810.
[10] J. Van Kuilenburg, M. A. Masen, and E. Van Der Heide, “Contact modelling of human skin: What value to use for the modulus of elasticity?,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol. 227, no. 4, pp. 349–361, 2013, doi: 10.1177/1350650112463307.
[11] T. Grandin, “Calming effects of deep touch pressure in patients with autistic disorder, college students, and animals,” Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 63–72, 1992, doi: 10.1089/cap.1992.2.63.
[12] K. E. Krauss, “The Effects of Deep Pressure Touch on Anxiety,” American Journal of Occupational Therapy, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 366–373, Jun. 1987, doi: 10.5014/ajot.41.6.366.
[13] I. Y. Afif, M. I. Maula, M. B. Aliyafi, A. L. Aji, T. I. Winarni, and J. Jamari, “Design of Hug Machine Portable Seat for Autistic Children in Public Transport Application,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1096, no. 1, p. 012034, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1096/1/012034.
[14] T. Champagne, B. Mullen, D. Dickson, and S. Krishnamurty, “Evaluating the Safety and Effectiveness of the Weighted Blanket With Adults During an Inpatient Mental Health Hospitalization,” Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 211–233, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1080/0164212X.2015.1066220.
[15] J. S. Lo, K. C. K. Lee, and S. C. Huang, “Hugging tight for comfort: Innovative design of sitting hug machine for the therapy of autism,” Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 739, pp. 564–573, 2018, doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-8612-0_59.
[16] J. C. Duvall, L. E. Dunne, N. Schleif, and B. Holschuh, “Active" hugging" vest for deep touch pressure therapy,” in Proceedings of the 2016 ACM international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing: adjunct, 2016, pp. 458–463, doi: 10.1145/2968219.2971344.
[17] C. J. Taylor, A. D. Spriggs, M. J. Ault, S. Flanagan, and E. C. Sartini, “A systematic review of weighted vests with individuals with autism spectrum disorder,” Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, vol. 37, pp. 49–60, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2017.03.003.
[18] M. Priebe, E. Foo, and B. Holschuh, “Shape Memory Alloy Haptic Compression Garment for Media Augmentation in Virtual Reality Environment,” UIST 2020 - Adjunct Publication of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 34–36, 2020, doi: 10.1145/3379350.3416177.
[19] J. N. Baumgartner et al., “Widespread Pressure Delivered by a Weighted Blanket Reduces Chronic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.,” The journal of pain, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 156–174, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.07.009.
[20] T. T. Biswas, R. S. Infirri, S. Hagman, and L. Berglin, “An assistive sleeping bag for children with autism spectrum disorder,” Fashion and Textiles, vol. 5, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1186/s40691-018-0133-5.
[21] H.-Y. Chen, H. Yang, H.-J. Chi, and H.-M. Chen, “Physiologic and behavioral effects of papoose board on anxiety in dental patients with special needs.,” Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 94–101, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.04.006.
[22] A. L. Cox, D. L. Gast, D. Luscre, and K. M. Ayres, “The effects of weighted vests on appropriate in-seat behaviors of elementary-age students with autism and severe to profound intellectual disabilities,” Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2009, doi: 10.1177/1088357608330753.
[23] T. N. Davis et al., “The effects of a weighted vest on aggressive and self-injurious behavior in a child with autism.,” Developmental neurorehabilitation, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 210–215, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.3109/17518423.2012.753955.
[24] S. M. Edelson, M. G. Edelson, D. C. R. Kerr, and T. Grandin, “Behavioral and physiological effects of deep pressure on children with autism: A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of Grandin’s Hug Machine,” American Journal of Occupational Therapy, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 145–152, 1999, doi: 10.5014/ajot.53.2.145.
[25] D. J. Edwards, H. Young, A. Cutis, and R. Johnston, “The Immediate Effect of Therapeutic Touch and Deep Touch Pressure on Range of Motion, Interoceptive Accuracy and Heart Rate Variability: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Moderation Analysis.,” Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, vol. 12, p. 41, 2018, doi: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00041.
[26] B. Ekholm, S. Spulber, and M. Adler, “A randomized controlled study of weighted chain blankets for insomnia in psychiatric disorders.,” Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1567–1577, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8636.
[27] E. Foo, J. W. Lee, S. Ozbek, and B. Holschuh, “Preliminary study of the subjective comfort and emotional effects of on-body compression,” in Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 2018, pp. 128–131, doi: 10.1145/3267242.3267279.
[28] B. M. Gee, T. G. Peterson, A. Buck, and K. Lloyd, “Improving sleep quality using weighted blankets among young children with an autism spectrum disorder,” International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 173–181, 2016, doi: 10.12968/ijtr.2016.23.4.173 View article.
[29] P. Gringras et al., “Weighted blankets and sleep in autistic children--a randomized controlled trial.,” Pediatrics, vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 298–306, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-4285.
[30] S. Hodgetts, J. Magill-Evans, and J. E. Misiaszek, “Weighted vests, stereotyped behaviors and arousal in children with autism.,” Journal of autism and developmental disorders, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 805–814, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1104-x.
[31] B. A. Kennert, T. S. Harshorne, S. Kanouse, and C. Johnson, “Parent survey of sleep problems among children with CHARGE syndrome.,” Research in developmental disabilities, vol. 101, p. 103614, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103614.
[32] H.-Y. Lin, P. Lee, W.-D. Chang, and F.-Y. Hong, “Effects of weighted vests on attention, impulse control, and on-task behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.,” The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 149–158, 2014, doi: 10.5014/ajot.2014.009365.
[33] H. Lindstedt and Õ. Umb-Carlsson, “Cognitive assistive technology and professional support in everyday life for adults with ADHD,” Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 402–408, 2013, doi: 10.3109/17483107.2013.769120.
[34] M. Lönn, K. Aili, P. Svedberg, J. Nygren, H. Jarbin, and I. Larsson, “Experiences of Using Weighted Blankets among Children with ADHD and Sleeping Difficulties,” Occupational Therapy International, vol. 2023, 2023, doi: 10.1155/2023/1945290.
[35] A. A. McGinnis, E. Q. Blakely, A. C. Harvey, A. C. Hodges, and J. B. Rickards, “The behavioral effects of a procedure used by pediatric occupational therapists,” Behavioral Interventions, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 48–57, 2013, doi: 10.1002/bin.1355.
[36] K. M. Moore, C. Cividini‐Motta, K. M. Clark, and W. H. Ahearn, “Sensory Integration as a treatment for automatically maintained stereotypy,” Behavioral Interventions, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 95–111, 2015, doi: 10.1002/bin.1405.
[37] M. Nakamura and N. Yamauchi, “A case of effective usage of a weighted blanket for a person with severe dementia.,” Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, vol. 21, no. 2. England, pp. 239–242, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1111/psyg.12656.
[38] M. Nouman Aslam, R. Kafle, S. H. Shawl, A. S. Khan, and M. W. Kagzi, “Weighted Blanket Therapy for Periodic Limb Movement Disorder: A Case Report Highlighting Improved Sleep Quality and Reduced Symptoms.,” Cureus, vol. 15, no. 5. United States, p. e39622, May 2023, doi: 10.7759/cureus.39622.
[39] T. Novak, J. Scanlan, D. McCaul, N. MacDonald, and T. Clarke, “Pilot study of a sensory room in an acute inpatient psychiatric unit.,” Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 401–406, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1177/1039856212459585.
[40] E. Odéus et al., “Weighted blankets for sleep problems - prescription, use and cost analysis.,” Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 211–221, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1080/11038128.2022.2066017.
[41] L. J. Olson and H. J. Moulton, “Occupational therapists’ reported experiences using weighted vests with children with specific developmental disorders,” Occupational Therapy International, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 52–66, 2004, doi: 10.1002/oti.197.
[42] S. P. Quigley, L. Peterson, J. E. Frieder, and S. Peterson, “Effects of a weighted vest on problem behaviors during functional analyses in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders,” Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 529–538, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.019.
[43] B. Reichow, E. E. Barton, J. N. Sewell, L. Good, and M. Wolery, “Effects of weighted vests on the engagement of children with developmental delays and autism,” Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 3–11, 2010, doi: 10.1177/1088357609353751.
[44] S. Reynolds, S. J. Lane, and B. Mullen, “Effects of deep pressure stimulation on physiological arousal,” American Journal of Occupational Therapy, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 6903350010p1-6903350010p5, 2015.
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