Experimental evaluation on the power characteristic of direct-photovoltaic charging for thermal storage equipment
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Jul 25, 2024
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Abstract
Thermal storage is an essential equipment for storing excessive heat, especially for water heating systems. The present work proposes a preliminary study to maximize the operation of thermal storage using photovoltaics as the primary source for charging the heat storage material. The assessment indicates the concept is feasible, where the output power from photovoltaics can be directly converted to heat using a heating element. The power ratio is considerably high (up to 38.6%), resulting in the maximum temperature of the heat absorber material (water) increasing to 43.2 °C. The final assessment using suitable phase transition material shows that steady phase behavior is essential to maximizing the temperature profile of the material. It is achieved using stabilized-hexadecanoic acid, which shows a transient phase transition at a temperature of 54.2 °C, reducing the possibility of heat loss with an average temperature rate of 0.54 °C/min in the discharge stage. This finding proves the proposed concept is applicable, while further improvement can be done to adjust the suitable power output from photovoltaic and storage tank arrangement for the actual system. Despite that, the result is expected to accelerate the utilization of photovoltaics as reliable solar renewable technology.
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References
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[21] S. Ali, A. Mehrjardi, A. Khademi, and M. Fazli, “Optimization of a thermal energy storage system enhanced with fins using generative adversarial networks method,” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 49, no. February, p. 102471, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102471.
[22] A. Hamada, M. Emam, H. A. Refaey, M. Moawed, and M. A. Abdelrahman, “Investigating the performance of a water-based PVT system using encapsulated PCM balls: An experimental study,” Energy, vol. 284, no. March, p. 128574, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.128574.
[23] A. Basuhaib, J. Selvaraj, M. Hasanuzzaman, T. Anjum, and L. Kumar, “Experimental investigation the effect of different operating parameters and optimized the water-based PVT system for domestic applications,” Solar Energy, vol. 268, no. November 2023, p. 112278, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2023.112278.
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[26] M. Draou and A. Brakez, “Multi-objective optimization of a diverter-driven photovoltaic water heater : A residential case study in Morocco,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 242, no. January, p. 122500, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.122500.
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[28] O. Badran, A. Alahmer, F. A. Hamad, Y. El-Tous, G. Al-Marahle, and H. M. A. Al-Ahmadi, “Enhancement of solar distiller performance by photovoltaic heating system,” International Journal of Thermofluids, vol. 18, no. February, p. 100315, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100315.
[29] X. G. Yang and C. Y. Wang, “Understanding the trilemma of fast charging, energy density and cycle life of lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 402, no. September, pp. 489–498, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.069.
[30] T. R. Tanim et al., “Extended cycle life implications of fast charging for lithium-ion battery cathode,” Energy Storage Materials, vol. 41, no. May, pp. 656–666, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.07.001.
[31] R. Mathieu, O. Briat, P. Gyan, and J. M. Vinassa, “Fast charging for electric vehicles applications: Numerical optimization of a multi-stage charging protocol for lithium-ion battery and impact on cycle life,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 40, no. January, p. 102756, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102756.
[32] V. Arumuru, K. Rajput, R. Nandan, P. Rath, and M. Das, “A novel synthetic jet based heat sink with PCM filled cylindrical fins for efficient electronic cooling,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 58, no. December 2022, p. 106376, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.106376.
[33] A. Verma and D. Rakshit, “Performance analysis of PCM-fin combination for heat abatement of Li-ion battery pack in electric vehicles at high ambient temperature,” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 32, no. April, p. 101314, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101314.
[34] L. Ode, M. Firman, D. Rahmalina, and R. A. Rahman, “Hybrid energy-temperature method ( HETM ): A low-cost apparatus and reliable method for estimating the thermal capacity of solid – liquid phase change material for heat storage system,” HardwareX, vol. 16, no. December, p. e00496, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00496.
[35] R. A. Rahman, Sulistyo, M. S. K. T. S. Utomo, and R. D. D. Putra, “The optional approach in recycling plastic waste for energy storage application : A detailed evaluation of stabilized – hexadecanoic acid / plastic,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 9, no. May, p. 100751, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100751.
[36] R. A. Rahman, M. S. K. T. S. Utomo, I. Febriansyah, U. Diponegoro, and U. Pancasila, “Study on the influence of rating charge on temperature and phase behavior of stabilized matrix wax-based thermal storage,” Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 14–21, 2024.
[2] A. Khademi, S. A. Abtahi Mehrjardi, S. Tiari, K. Mazaheri, and M. B. Shafii, “Thermal Efficiency Improvement of Brayton Cycle in the Presence of Phase Change Material,” International Conference on Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer, no. 135, pp. 1–9, 2022, doi: 10.11159/ffhmt22.135.
[3] M. Mansoor O, S. P. Simon, K. A. Kumar, K. Sundareswaran, P. S. R. Nayak, and N. P. Padhy, “Impact and economic assessment on solar PV mirroring system – A feasibility report,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 203, no. June, p. 112222, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112222.
[4] B. M. Suyitno, R. A. Rahman, H. Sukma, and D. Rahmalina, “the Assessment of Reflector Material Durability for Concentrated Solar Power Based on Environment Exposure and Accelerated Aging Test,” Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, vol. 6, no. 12–120, pp. 22–29, 2022, doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2022.265678.
[5] F. Urban, S. Geall, and Y. Wang, “Solar PV and solar water heaters in China: Different pathways to low carbon energy,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 64, pp. 531–542, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.023.
[6] S. Bouadila, S. Baddadi, T. ur Rehman, and R. Ayed, “Experimental investigation on the thermal appraisal of heat pipe-evacuated tube collector-based water heating system integrated with PCM,” Renewable Energy, vol. 199, no. September, pp. 382–394, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.004.
[7] A. A. Elbrashy, F. S. Abou-Taleb, M. K. El-Fakharany, and F. A. Essa, “Experimental study of solar air heater performance by evacuated tubes connected in series and loaded with thermal storage material,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 54, no. June, p. 105266, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.105266.
[8] S. M. Tabarhoseini, M. Sheikholeslami, and Z. Said, “Recent advances on the evacuated tube solar collector scrutinizing latest innovations in thermal performance improvement involving economic and environmental analysis,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 241, no. February, p. 111733, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2022.111733.
[9] S. Bazri et al., “Thermal hysteresis analysis of finned-heat-pipe-assisted latent heat thermal energy storage application for solar water heater system,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 40, p. 102490, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2022.102490.
[10] A. Khademi, A. Favakeh, M. Darbandi, and M. B. Shafii, “Numerical and experimental study of phase change material melting process in an intermediate fluid,” in 7th International Conference On Energy Research and Development, ICERD 2019, 2019, vol. m, pp. 16–23.
[11] B. Muliawan, R. Anggrainy, N. Plamonia, and R. Abdu, “Preliminary characterization and thermal evaluation of a direct contact cascaded immiscible inorganic salt / high-density polyethylene as moderate temperature heat storage material,” Results in Materials, vol. 19, no. August, p. 100443, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.rinma.2023.100443.
[12] A. Favakeh, A. Khademi, and M. B. Shafii, “Experimental study of double solid phase change material in a cavity,” in 7th International Conference On Energy Research and Development, ICERD 2019, 2019, pp. 24–31.
[13] S. A. A. Mehrjardi, A. Khademi, Z. Said, S. Ushak, and A. J. Chamkha, “Effect of elliptical dimples on heat transfer performance in a shell and tube heat exchanger,” Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 1781–1791, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s00231-023-03367-7.
[14] M. J. Ashraf, H. M. Ali, H. Usman, and A. Arshad, “Experimental passive electronics cooling: Parametric investigation of pin-fin geometries and efficient phase change materials,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 115, pp. 251–263, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.07.114.
[15] C. Piselli, V. L. Castaldo, and A. L. Pisello, “How to enhance thermal energy storage effect of PCM in roofs with varying solar reflectance: Experimental and numerical assessment of a new roof system for passive cooling in different climate conditions,” Solar Energy, vol. 192, no. January 2018, pp. 106–119, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.047.
[16] A. de la Calle, A. Bayon, and J. Pye, “Techno-economic assessment of a high-efficiency, low-cost solar-thermal power system with sodium receiver, phase-change material storage, and supercritical CO2 recompression Brayton cycle,” Solar Energy, vol. 199, no. March, pp. 885–900, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2020.01.004.
[17] G. Wang, S. Yu, S. Niu, Z. Chen, and P. Hu, “A comprehensive parametric study on integrated thermal and mechanical performances of molten-salt-based thermocline tank,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 170, no. January, p. 115010, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115010.
[18] G. Scharinger-Urschitz, P. Schwarzmayr, H. Walter, and M. Haider, “Partial cycle operation of latent heat storage with finned tubes,” Applied Energy, vol. 280, no. September, p. 115893, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115893.
[19] K. W. Wang, T. Yan, and W. G. Pan, “Optimization strategies of microencapsulated phase change materials for thermal energy storage,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 68, no. February, p. 107844, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.107844.
[20] A. Khademi, M. Darbandi, and G. E. Schneider, “Numerical study to optimize the melting process of phase change material coupled with extra fluid,” AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum, vol. 1 PartF, no. January, pp. 1–6, 2020, doi: 10.2514/6.2020-1932.
[21] S. Ali, A. Mehrjardi, A. Khademi, and M. Fazli, “Optimization of a thermal energy storage system enhanced with fins using generative adversarial networks method,” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 49, no. February, p. 102471, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102471.
[22] A. Hamada, M. Emam, H. A. Refaey, M. Moawed, and M. A. Abdelrahman, “Investigating the performance of a water-based PVT system using encapsulated PCM balls: An experimental study,” Energy, vol. 284, no. March, p. 128574, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.128574.
[23] A. Basuhaib, J. Selvaraj, M. Hasanuzzaman, T. Anjum, and L. Kumar, “Experimental investigation the effect of different operating parameters and optimized the water-based PVT system for domestic applications,” Solar Energy, vol. 268, no. November 2023, p. 112278, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2023.112278.
[24] T. Matuska and B. Sourek, “Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Water Heating System,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2017, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/7540250.
[25] O. Hachchadi et al., “Experimental optimization of the heating element for a direct-coupled solar photovoltaic water heater,” Solar Energy, vol. 264, no. September, p. 112037, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2023.112037.
[26] M. Draou and A. Brakez, “Multi-objective optimization of a diverter-driven photovoltaic water heater : A residential case study in Morocco,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 242, no. January, p. 122500, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.122500.
[27] M. Draou, A. Brakez, and A. Bennouna, “Techno-economic feasibility assessment of a photovoltaic water heating storage system for self-consumption improvement purposes,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 76, no. November 2022, p. 109545, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109545.
[28] O. Badran, A. Alahmer, F. A. Hamad, Y. El-Tous, G. Al-Marahle, and H. M. A. Al-Ahmadi, “Enhancement of solar distiller performance by photovoltaic heating system,” International Journal of Thermofluids, vol. 18, no. February, p. 100315, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100315.
[29] X. G. Yang and C. Y. Wang, “Understanding the trilemma of fast charging, energy density and cycle life of lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 402, no. September, pp. 489–498, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.069.
[30] T. R. Tanim et al., “Extended cycle life implications of fast charging for lithium-ion battery cathode,” Energy Storage Materials, vol. 41, no. May, pp. 656–666, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.07.001.
[31] R. Mathieu, O. Briat, P. Gyan, and J. M. Vinassa, “Fast charging for electric vehicles applications: Numerical optimization of a multi-stage charging protocol for lithium-ion battery and impact on cycle life,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 40, no. January, p. 102756, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102756.
[32] V. Arumuru, K. Rajput, R. Nandan, P. Rath, and M. Das, “A novel synthetic jet based heat sink with PCM filled cylindrical fins for efficient electronic cooling,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 58, no. December 2022, p. 106376, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.106376.
[33] A. Verma and D. Rakshit, “Performance analysis of PCM-fin combination for heat abatement of Li-ion battery pack in electric vehicles at high ambient temperature,” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 32, no. April, p. 101314, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101314.
[34] L. Ode, M. Firman, D. Rahmalina, and R. A. Rahman, “Hybrid energy-temperature method ( HETM ): A low-cost apparatus and reliable method for estimating the thermal capacity of solid – liquid phase change material for heat storage system,” HardwareX, vol. 16, no. December, p. e00496, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00496.
[35] R. A. Rahman, Sulistyo, M. S. K. T. S. Utomo, and R. D. D. Putra, “The optional approach in recycling plastic waste for energy storage application : A detailed evaluation of stabilized – hexadecanoic acid / plastic,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 9, no. May, p. 100751, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100751.
[36] R. A. Rahman, M. S. K. T. S. Utomo, I. Febriansyah, U. Diponegoro, and U. Pancasila, “Study on the influence of rating charge on temperature and phase behavior of stabilized matrix wax-based thermal storage,” Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 14–21, 2024.