Effect of quenching media on mechanical properties of welded mild steel plate
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Sep 10, 2022
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Abstract
Quenching is a swift way of returning metal back to ambient temperature in order to acquire a certain property. Although it is often used to enhance the hardness of metals and their micro-structure, it equally causes a serious variation in the mechanical and physical properties of the metals. This research focuses on quenching media's effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a 150mm x 80mm x 8mm welded mild steel plate through microscopic examination, metallography mounting, surface grinding, and surface polishing. Microstructural analysis with hardness and impact test was carried out on the steel plate using water, air, and oil as the quenching media. The results of the test show the Vickers Pyramid Number (HV) for water, oil, and air to be 284.2, 270.9, and 262.2 HV for the base metal, heat affected zone (HAZ), and weld metal (WM), respectively. The amount of energy absorbed by the three specimens during fracture is 23.12, 25.27, and 26.83 J, respectively. The test further indicates that the water-quenched media exhibited mostly martensitic structures and held back austenite with many structures of cementite while the oil and air media exhibited martensite phase and refined grains structures individually. It is therefore concluded that air is more suitable to cool the weld metal for damping applications in engineering.
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References
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[2] E. Morgano, C. Viscardi, and L. Valente, “Simulation of heat treatment of jominy specimen to improve quality of automotive gear components,” Metallurgia Italiana, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 52–58, 2020.
[3] P. Vashishtha, R. Wattal, S. Pandey, and N. Bhadauria, “Problems encountered in underwater welding and remedies- a review,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 64, pp. 1433–1439, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.634.
[4] A. Adebayo, J. T. Stephen, and G. J. Adeyemi, “Effects of Local Cooling Media on the Mechanical Properties of Heat Treated Mild Steel,” European Journal of Engineering Research and Science, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 27, 2018, doi: 10.24018/ejers.2018.3.4.655.
[5] J. K. Odusote, T. K. Ajiboye, and A. B. Rabiu, “Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel Quenched in Water and Oil,” Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, vol. 11, no. 09, pp. 859–862, 2012, doi: 10.4236/jmmce.2012.119079.
[6] H. M.F, “Analysis of Mechanical behaviour and microstructural characteristics change of ASTM A-36 Steel applying various heat treatments,” Journal of Material Science and Engineering, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–6, 2016.
[7] M. B. S and B. Ramesh, “Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon chromium steel,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 46–49, 2012.
[8] S. Tathgir, D. W. Rathod, and A. Batish, “Emphasis of Weld Time, Shielding Gas and Oxygen Content in Activated Fluxes on the Weldment Microstructure,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 86–95, 2021, doi: 10.31603/mesi.5903.
[9] O. R. Adetunji, A. M. Adedayo, S. O. Ismailia, O. U. Dairo, I. K. Okediran, and O. M. Adesusi, “Effect of silica on the mechanical properties of palm kernel shell based automotive brake pad,” Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–16, 2022, doi: 10.31603/mesi.6178.
[10] N. Muhayat et al., “Effect of the Substrate Surface Profile on the Bonding Strength of the Aluminum Thermal Sprayed on the Low Carbon Steel,” Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 591–604, 2021, doi: 10.21776/ub.jrm.2021.012.03.9.
[11] A. Alabi Abdulmumin, I. Obi Anthony, S. Yawas Danjuma, A. Samotu Ibraheem, and I. M. Stephen Sam, “Effect of Water Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Water Quenched Medium Carbon Steel,” Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 40–46, 2012.
[12] H. D. Alvarenga, T. Van De Putte, N. Van Steenberge, J. Sietsma, and H. Terryn, “Influence of Carbide Morphology and Microstructure on the Kinetics of Superficial Decarburization of C-Mn Steels,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 123–133, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s11661-014-2600-y.
[13] B. Zhao, T. Zhao, and G. Li, “Effect of processing parameters on the grain refinement of vanadium nitrogen microalloyed steel,” International Journal of Materials Research, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 308–313, 2018, doi: 10.3139/146.111608.
[14] T. . Joshua, O. . Alao, and R. Oluyori, “Effects of Various Quenching Media on the Mechanical Properties of Inter -Critically Annealed 0.267%C -0.83% Mn Steel,” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 121–127, 2014.
[15] K. Khera, A. Bhatia, S. Kumar, and M. Bhatia, “Investigation of the Effects of Various Heat Treatment Processes on Microstructure & Hardness with Respect to Corrosion Behavior for Carbon Steels,” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), no. 6, pp. 2249–8958, 2014.
[16] B. Hwang, “Influence of Nb Addition and Austenitizing Temperature on the Hardenability of Low-Carbon Boron Steels,” Korean Journal of Materials Research, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 577–582, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.3740/MRSK.2015.25.11.577.
[17] A. A. Zainulabdeen, N. Y. Mahmood, and J. H. Mohmmed, “The effect of polymeric quenching media on mechanical properties of medium carbon steel,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 454, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/454/1/012053.
[18] O. M. Ikumapayi, I. P. Okokpujie, S. A. Afolalu, O. O. Ajayi, E. T. Akilabi, and O. P. Bodunde, “Effects of Quenchants on Impact Strength of Single-Vee Butt Welded Joint of Mild Steel,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 391, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/391/1/012007.
[19] K. Buranapunviwat and K. Sojiphan, “Destructive testing and hardness measurement of resistance stud welded joints of ASTM A36 steel,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 47, pp. 3565–3569, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.562.
[20] H. U. Sajid and R. Kiran, “Influence of high stress triaxiality on mechanical strength of ASTM A36, ASTM A572 and ASTM A992 steels,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 176, pp. 129–134, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.018.
[21] S. A. Padhiar and S. Vincent, “Effect of hard facing processes on Mild steel A-36 by arc welding,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 28, pp. 526–531, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.213.
[22] ASM International®, Handbook of Thermal Spray Technology. USA: Materials Park, 2004.
[23] Y. Chen, X. Liang, Y. Liu, and B. Xu, “Prediction of residual stresses in thermally sprayed steel coatings considering the phase transformation effect,” Materials and Design, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 3852–3858, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.03.043.
[24] H. B. Cui et al., “The study on martensite morphology in the stir zone and its influence to impact toughness during friction stir welding medium–Mn ultrahigh strength steel,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 798, no. 12, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.140102.
[25] T. Chen, Z. Ling, M. Wang, and L. Kong, “Effect of post-weld tempering pulse on microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance spot welding of Q&P1180 steel,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 831, no. 800, p. 142164, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2021.142164.
[26] S. N. Abdullah and N. Sazali, “A Mini Review on Low Carbon Steel in Rapid Cooling Process,” Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2020, doi: 10.37934/arms.68.1.17.